Transcript pigeon dissection - local.brookings.k12.sd.us

PIGEON
DISSECTION
WHAT BODY PARTS DOES A
BIRD HAVE TO HELP IT FLY?
EVERYTHING!
EVERY body system in a bird
is modified in some way to help it fly!
ARCHAEOPTERYX
First bird
Fossil image from:
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/birds/archaeopteryx.html
Image from:
http://www2.thny.bbc.co.uk/education/darwin/exfiles/archaeopteryx.htm
PIGEON
LATIN meaning
ANIMALIA
KINGDOM _____________
PHYLUM ____________________________
CHORDATA
VERTEBRATA “backbone”
SUBPHYLUM ___________________________
AVES
Plural of “avis”= bird
CLASS _______________________________
COLUMBIFORMES
ORDER _____________________________
FEATHERS
Image modified from:
http://www.biology.eku.edu/RITCHISO/554notes1.html
FEATHERS
rachis
Image from:
http://www.biology.eku.edu/RITCHISO/554notes1.html
PREEN GLAND
Image from:
http://www.rit.edu/~vertzo/Pigeon/PigeonPages/Home.html
EXTERNAL FEATURES
Feathers
Beaks
Feet
BEAKS
Image from:
http://www.antbits.co.uk/ant_pages/bio-pages/bio-02.html
MODIFICATIONS of
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• THIN skin – light weight
• Feathers
provide lift & protect against heat loss
• Preen gland keeps feathers in shape
• Streamline body to decrease air/wind
resistance
EXTERNAL NARES
CERE
NICTITATING MEMBRANE
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
inside head
SCALY SKIN on feet
CLAWS
Kestral Image from:
http://www.biology.eku.edu/RITCHISO/birdbrain2.html
EYES
BIG for size of head
See in COLOR
Eyes on front of facegives depth perception
Seen in predators
Eyes on sides of headGives wide range of vision
Seen in prey
BROOD PATCH
Image from:
http://www.ventanaws.org/images/bsol/SongSparrow.jpg
CLOACA & VENT
SKELETAL
Hollow bones = light weight
Image from: BIODIDAC
FUSED BONES = Sturdy
FURCULA
PYGOSTYLE
STERNUM
Image modified from:
http://www.biology.eku.edu/RITCHISO/554notes1.html
MODIFICATIONS of
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Bones = hollow/Air sacs extend into bones
to make them less dense
= fused to make them sturdy
FURCULA –
stabilizes shoulders during flight
STERNUMattaches flight muscles
PYGOSTYLEsupport for tail
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
PECTORALIS & SUPRACORACOIDEUS
make up 35% of total body weight
MODIFICATIONS of
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
HUGE PECTORALIS MUSCLE
powers wings
CROP
CROP
Stores & moistens food
HEART
THYROID
Heart = 1 ½ to 2 times larger than in equal size mammal
1 loop
2 chambers
2 loops
3 chambers
2 loops
4 chambers
Fish
amphibians
& reptiles
birds &
mammals
4 CHAMBER HEART
2 LOOPS
Sinus
venosus

 

RIGHT LEFT  Lungs

Atrium Atrium


Ventricle



 Body
organs


Conus
arteriosus
FROG & TURTLE CIRCULATION
BIRD CIRCULATION
MODIFICATIONS of
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Heart large for body size
Closed 2 loop system- most efficient/faster
Complete septum/4 chamber heart- keeps
Low/High oxygen blood totally separated
Rapid heart rate- delivers more
oxygen/faster
MODIFICATIONS of
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ENDOTHERMIC METABOLISMprovides maximum energy for
extended activity (flying)
BURNING more GLUCOSE faster…
is where the heat comes from!
LIVER
with
GALL
BLADDER
inside
PANCREAS
GIZZARD
GIZZARD
Muscular
Contains gravel/rocks
to grind food
SMALL INTESTINE
(Duodenum & Ileum)
LARGE INTESTINE
isn’t very large!
EXITS through
CLOACA
COLIC CAECA
Pouches on
LARGE intestine
Contain bacteria to
digest plants
MODIFICATIONS of
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Fast efficient digestive system fuels endothermic
metabolism for more energy for extended activity
• CROP- stores next batch so food always moving through
• 2 part stomach- so food moves through faster
• COLIC CAECA- help break down plants
• LONG SMALL INTESTINE-absorbs lots of nutrients
• SHORT LARGE INTESTINEdon’t waste time absorbing water or storing waste…
out of body as it is made.
TRACHEA
BRONCHI
SYRINX
• Cartilage rings
LUNGS
Remove 31% of oxygen ; Human lungs remove 24%
AIR SACS
STORE AIR
No gas exchange
ALLOW OXYGEN IN LUNGS on the
INHALE and on the EXHALE
OXYGEN
on the EXHALE
Animation from:
http://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm/birds
MODIFICATIONS of
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• EFFICIENT RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
gets the most oxygen possible
• Extra AIR SACS allow oxygen in lungs on
both the INHALE AND EXHALE
• Air sacs extending into bones makes skeleton
less dense
• Alveoli increase surface area for more gas
exchange
KIDNEYS & URETERS
MODIFICATIONS of
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Excrete nitrogen waste as URIC ACID- so
needs less water
No URINARY BLADDER- so urine (water)
not stored… less weight
TESTES
TESTES
KIDNEYS
URETERS
CLOACA
OVARY / OVIDUCTS
TUBES IS TUBES?
OVIDUCTS- carry eggs from ovary
to cloaca
VAS DEFERENS- carry sperm from
testes to cloaca
URETERS- carry urine from kidneys
to cloaca
MODIFICATIONS of
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
• Female has only ONE OVARY &
OVIDUCT on left side … less weight
• OVIPARITY- lay eggs outside of body
… less weight
• Ovary enlarges during breeding
season/shrinks rest of time… less weight
MODIFICATIONS of
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Large brain for body size = “smarter”
• Bigger CEREBRUM for more complex behaviors
problem solving; learning; navigation;
• Bigger CEREBELLUM- for muscle coordination
• Bigger OPTIC LOBES for better vision; 3D & Color
• Concentration of iron in brain to act as compass