Transcript FTCE SAE Session 4 - broward.k12.fl.us

FTCE SAE
BIOLOGY PREPARATION COURSE
Instructor
Valerie Ruwe
[email protected]
SESSION NORMS
No side bars
 Work on assigned materials only
 Keep phone on vibrate only
 If a call must be taken please leave the room to
do so

SESSION AGENDA
Session I: Pre-Test, Competencies 1 & 2
 Session II: Competencies 3,4
 Session III: Competencies 5,6
 Session IV: Competencies 7,8
 Session V: Competencies 9,10

7. KNOWLEDGE OF THE STRUCTURAL AND
FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY OF PROTISTS, FUNGI, AND
PLANTS
10 %
1.
Identify major types of protists, fungi, and plants.
2.
Characterize the relationships of protists, fungi, and plants to other living
things.
3.
Distinguish between the structures and functions of various plant tissues.
4.
Identify the characteristics of vascular and nonvascular plants and relate these
characteristics to adaptations allowing these plants to broaden their ecological
niches.
5.
Identify the functions and survival advantages of the major organs of
angiosperms and gymnosperms.
6.
Distinguish between the structures of monocots and dicots (e.g., seeds, vascular
bundles, venation, flower parts).
7.
Identify the major mechanisms (e.g., transport, storage, conservation) in plants
and evaluate the survival advantages these mechanisms give to different groups
of plants.
8.
Analyze the role of major plant growth regulators.
9.
Apply concepts of major methods of reproduction in plants, including dispersal
mechanisms.
10.
Analyze patterns of alternation of generations in various groups of plants and
algae.
IDENTIFY MAJOR TYPES OF PROTISTS, FUNGI, AND PLANTS.
 Protist
can be single
cell or multicellular
 Some protists are
photoautotrophic,
primary producers
that undergo
photosynthesis, and
others are
heterotrophs,
consumers of other
organisms.
 There are even those
who are mixotrophs,
which means that
they act as both
photoautotrophs and
heterotrophs.
IDENTIFY MAJOR TYPES OF PROTISTS, FUNGI, AND PLANTS.
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Fungi are organisms which
typically cannot move, which
cannot make their own food
(heterotrophic), and which
contain a chemical known as
chitin in their cell walls.
They can be multicellular or
unicellular, with the
unicellular organisms having
relatively large cells.
Although some fungi live in
salt or fresh water, most fungi
are terrestrial.
Many species are
saprophytic, feeding on
dead organic matter.
Others are parasites which
live inside or on host animals,
primarily feeding on plants
though a few also live on
animals. The aquatic fungi
are important in treating
wastewater.
IDENTIFY MAJOR TYPES OF PROTISTS, FUNGI, AND PLANTS.

Although plants are very
diverse, all plants have these
basic characteristics
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Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Autotrophic
alternative generations in
life cycle
photosynthetic by using
chlorophylls a and b
have a cell wall made of
cellulose
CHARACTERIZE THE RELATIONSHIPS OF PROTISTS, FUNGI, AND
PLANTS TO OTHER LIVING THINGS.
CHARACTERIZE THE RELATIONSHIPS OF PROTISTS, FUNGI, AND
PLANTS TO OTHER LIVING THINGS.
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE STRUCTURES AND
FUNCTIONS OF VARIOUS PLANT TISSUES

Dermal Tissue System
• protection
• prevention of water loss
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Ground Tissue System
• photosynthesis
• food storage
• regeneration
• support
• protection
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Epidermis
Periderm (in older stems and roots)
Parenchyma tissue
Collenchyma tissue
Sclerenchyma tissue
Vascular Tissue System
• transport of water and minerals
• transport of food
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Xylem tissue
Phloem tissue
IDENTIFY THE CHARACTERISTICS OF VASCULAR AND NONVASCULAR
PLANTS AND RELATE THESE CHARACTERISTICS TO ADAPTATIONS
ALLOWING THESE PLANTS TO BROADEN THEIR ECOLOGICAL NICHES.
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Non-vascular plants is a general term
for those plants without a vascular
system (xylem and phloem).
Non-vascular plants do not have a wide
variety of specialized tissue. Liverworts
have structures that look like leaves,
but they are not true leaves because
they have no xylem or phloem.
Likewise, mosses have no such tissues.
All plants have a life cycle with an
alternation of generations between a
diploid sporophyte and a haploid
gametophyte, but only nonvascular
plants can potentially have a dominant
gametophyte generation. In these
plants, the sporophytes grow from and
are dependent on gametophytes for
taking in water and other materials.
IDENTIFY THE MAJOR MECHANISMS (E.G., TRANSPORT, STORAGE,
CONSERVATION) IN PLANTS AND EVALUATE THE SURVIVAL ADVANTAGES
THESE MECHANISMS GIVE TO DIFFERENT GROUPS OF PLANTS.

Drying out.
Once removed from water and exposed to air, organisms
must deal with the need to conserve water.
 Adaptation is production of a waterproof surface (the
cuticle in plants, cork layers and bark in woody trees).
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Gas exchange.
Organisms that live in water are often able to exchange
carbon dioxide and oxygen gases through their surfaces.
 These exchange surfaces are moist, thin layers across
which diffusion can occur.
 The plant solution to gas exchange is a new structure,
the guard cells that flank openings (stomata) in the above
ground parts of the plant. By opening these guard cells
the plant is able to allow gas exchange by diffusion
through the open stomata.

IDENTIFY THE CHARACTERISTICS OF VASCULAR AND NONVASCULAR
PLANTS AND RELATE THESE CHARACTERISTICS TO ADAPTATIONS
ALLOWING THESE PLANTS TO BROADEN THEIR ECOLOGICAL NICHES.
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Support.
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Conduction.
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specialized plant cells/tissues
that support the plant.
A multicellular creature must
do this at each cell in the body,
plus move material in, out, and
within the organism.
the specialized conducting
tissues xylem and phloem in
plants.
bryophytes also have
specialized conducting cells.
Reproduction.

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Organisms in water can release
their gametes into the water,
where the gametes will swim by
flagella until they ecounter
each other and fertilization
happens. On land, such a
scenario is not possible.
Plants have also had to deal
with this, either by living in
moist environments like the
ferns and bryophytes do, or by
developing specialized delivery
systems like pollen tubes to get
the sperm cells to the egg.
IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONS AND SURVIVAL ADVANTAGES OF THE MAJOR
ORGANS OF ANGIOSPERMS AND GYMNOSPERMS
IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONS AND SURVIVAL
ADVANTAGES OF THE MAJOR ORGANS OF
ANGIOSPERMS AND GYMNOSPERMS
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Conifers are gymnosperms get their
name from their cones: male cones in
which the in which microspores develop;
female cones in which megaspores
develop. [
The microspores develop into pollen
grains that are carried by the wind to the
female cones. Here each germinates into a
pollen tube which grows into the tissues of
the female cone until it reaches the
vicinity of the egg. (In pines, this may
take a year.) Then the tube ruptures and
a sperm nucleus fuses with the egg to
form the zygote.
After fertilization, the zygote develops
into a tiny embryo sporophyte plant.
There are approximately 550 species of
living conifers.
They include the
 pines
 Spruces
 firs.
IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONS AND SURVIVAL
ADVANTAGES OF THE MAJOR ORGANS OF
ANGIOSPERMS AND GYMNOSPERMS
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Flowering plants, also called
angiosperms, are the most numerous
of all the divisions in the Plant
Kingdom.
The parts of a flowering plant are
characterized by two basic systems: a
root system and a shoot system.
These two systems are connected by
vascular tissue that runs from the
root through the shoot.
The root system enables flowering
plants to obtain water and nutrients
from the soil. The shoot system
allows plants to reproduce and to
obtain food through photosynthesis.
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE STRUCTURES OF
MONOCOTS AND DICOTS (E.G., SEEDS,
VASCULAR BUNDLES, VENATION, FLOWER PARTS).
ANALYZE THE ROLE OF MAJOR PLANT
GROWTH REGULATORS.
Plant hormones are signal molecules produced
within the plant, and occur in extremely low
concentrations.
 Hormones regulate cellular processes in targeted
cells locally and, when moved to other locations,
in other locations of the plant.
 Hormones also determine the formation of
flowers, stems, leaves, the shedding of leaves,
and the development and ripening of fruit
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ANALYZE THE ROLE OF MAJOR PLANT
GROWTH REGULATORS.
APPLY CONCEPTS OF MAJOR METHODS OF
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS, INCLUDING
DISPERSAL MECHANISMS
APPLY CONCEPTS OF MAJOR METHODS OF
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS, INCLUDING
DISPERSAL MECHANISMS
Dispersal of
pollen
 Wind
 Pollinators
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APPLY CONCEPTS OF MAJOR METHODS OF
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS, INCLUDING
DISPERSAL MECHANISMS
APPLY CONCEPTS OF MAJOR METHODS OF
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS, INCLUDING
DISPERSAL MECHANISMS
ANALYZE PATTERNS OF ALTERNATION OF
GENERATIONS IN VARIOUS GROUPS OF PLANTS
AND ALGAE.
BREAK TIME!!!
8. KNOWLEDGE OF THE STRUCTURAL AND
FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY OF ANIMALS 11 %
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Relate the structures of major animal tissue types to their
function.
Identify major animal body plans (e.g., symmetry, coelomic
character, embryonic origin).
Relate the processes of animal growth and development to
early embryological development (e.g., embryonic induction,
ontogeny recapitulating phylogeny).
Relate the structures to functions of circulatory and
respiratory systems.
Relate the structures to functions of excretory and digestive
systems.
Relate the structures to functions of endocrine and nervous
systems.
8. KNOWLEDGE OF THE STRUCTURAL AND
FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY OF ANIMALS 11 %
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Relate the structures to functions of integumentary and
muscule- skeletal systems.
Relate the structures to functions of reproductive systems.
Relate the structures to functions of the human immune
system.
Analyze the interconnectedness of animal organ systems.
Analyze the effects of feedback loops in human systems (e.g.,
classical vertebrate hormones, fight or flight).
Identify aspects of animal social behavior (e.g.,
communication and signals, dominance hierarchy,
territoriality, aggression, courtship, innate and learned
behavior).
RELATE THE STRUCTURES OF MAJOR ANIMAL
TISSUE TYPES TO THEIR FUNCTION.
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Tissues are made up of groups of
similar cells that work together
in order to perform a common
function.
Animal tissues can be split up
into
epithelial tissue, which consists of
the outer layers of skin and
internal protective coverings
 connective tissue; including bone,
cartilage, and blood
 nervous tissue that makes up the
nervous system
 muscle tissue

IDENTIFY MAJOR ANIMAL BODY PLANS (E.G.,
SYMMETRY, COELOMIC CHARACTER,
EMBRYONIC ORIGIN).
IDENTIFY MAJOR ANIMAL BODY PLANS (E.G.,
SYMMETRY, COELOMIC CHARACTER,
EMBRYONIC ORIGIN).

the term body cavity refers to a space in the
body wall.
The triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical
eumetazoans can be distinguished into three
types
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Acoelomata
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Pseudocoelomata
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In acoelomata, the body cavity is not seen. The
space between outer body wall (skin) and inner
body wall (alimentary canal) is occupied by a
tissue called mesenchyme. This condition is
seen in flat worms (Platyhelminthes).
In Pseudocoelomata a false body cavity is
present. It is called pseudocoelom. It is a body
cavity which is not lined by mesoderm. This
condition is seen in round worms
(Aschelminthes). It develops from the first
formed embryonic body cavity called blastocoel.
Eucoelomata (Coleomates)
In Eucoelomata a true body cavity is present.
It is called coelom. It is a body cavity which is
lined by mesoderm (or coelomic epithelium).
This condition is seen in the remaining group
of animals from annelids to vertebrates.
IDENTIFY MAJOR ANIMAL BODY PLANS (E.G.,
SYMMETRY, COELOMIC CHARACTER,
EMBRYONIC ORIGIN).
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In Eucoelomate bilaterally symmetrical animals,
during the embryonic development, a slit called
blastopore appears in the embryonic stage called
blastula.
 The blastopore marks the beginning of anteroposterior elongation of the embryo. Based on
the fate of blastopore, Eucoelomata can be
distinguished into two groups
 Protostomia and Deuterostomia.
Protostomia represents those animals in which the
blastopore finally becomes the oral aperture
(mouth). Members of phylum Annelida, phylum
Arthropoda and phylum Mollusca exhibit this
condition.
Deuterostomia represent those animals in which
the blastomere finally forms the anus. The oral
aperture appears much later as a separate slit.
Members of the phylum Echinodermata and
Chordata exhibit this condition.
RELATE THE PROCESSES OF ANIMAL GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT TO EARLY EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT (E.G.,
EMBRYONIC INDUCTION, ONTOGENY RECAPITULATING
PHYLOGENY).
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In the early development of many tissues
and organs of complex, multicellular
organisms, the action of one group of cells
on another that leads to the establishment
of the developmental pathway in the
responding tissue.
The groups of cells which influence the
responding cells are termed the inducing
tissue.
Since specific inducing tissues cannot act
on all types of cells, those cells which can
respond are referred to as competent to
react to the action of a specific inducer
stimulus.
Embryonic induction is considered to play
an important role in the development of
tissues and organs in most animal
embryos, from the lower chordates to the
higher vertebrates.
RELATE
THE PROCESSES OF ANIMAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT TO EARLY
EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT (E.G., EMBRYONIC INDUCTION, ONTOGENY
RECAPITULATING PHYLOGENY).
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Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919), a physician, was
so influenced by Charles Darwin's The Origin
of Species that he gave up medicine and
devoted himself to comparative anatomy.
He disagreed with Darwin's theory of natural
selection, and suggested that the
environment acted directly on organisms,
producing new species. In 1868, he proposed
the biogenetic law, which sought to explain
evolution as a series of stages in which the
new characteristics of the next animal to
evolve are simply added on to the lower
animal.
Briefly put, his biogenetic law stated that
ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny (the
embryological development of a particular
species repeats the evolutionary history of
that species).
Modern scientists do not subscribe to the
biogenetic law as postulated by Haeckel.
However, there are elements of recapitulation
that are important in comparative
embryology.
RELATE THE STRUCTURES TO FUNCTIONS OF CIRCULATORY AND
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS.
Respiration - delivers oxygen to the cells and removing
carbon dioxide from them.
Lungs are ingrowths of the body wall and connect to the
outside by as series of tubes and small openings.
Respiratory System Principles
 Movement of an oxygen-containing medium so it contacts
a moist membrane overlying blood vessels.
 Diffusion of oxygen from the medium into the blood.
 Transport of oxygen to the tissues and cells of the body.
 Diffusion of oxygen from the blood into cells.
 Carbon dioxide follows a reverse path.
The Human Respiratory System
 Air enters the body through the nose, is warmed, filtered,
and passed through the nasal cavity. Air passes the
pharynx (which has the epiglottis that prevents food from
entering the trachea. The upper part of the trachea
contains the larynx. The vocal cords are two bands of
tissue that extend across the opening of the larynx. After
passing the larynx, the air moves into the bronchi that
carry air in and out of the lungs.
 Bronchi are reinforced to prevent their collapse and are
lined with ciliated epithelium and mucus-producing cells.
Bronchi branch into smaller and smaller tubes known as
bronchioles. Bronchioles terminate in grape-like sac
clusters known as alveoli. Alveoli are surrounded by a
network of thin-walled capillaries.
RELATE THE STRUCTURES TO FUNCTIONS OF CIRCULATORY AND
RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS.
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Functions of the Circulatory System
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Respiration - delivers oxygen to the cells and
removing carbon dioxide from them
Nutrition - carries digested food substances to
the cells of the body
Waste Removal - disposes of waste products
and poisons that would harm the body if they
accumulated
Immunity - helps protect the body from disease
Cellular Communication - the circulatory
system provides a mode of transport for
hormones
Thermoregulation - the circulatory system
transports heat (can both warm and cool body)
The vertebrate cardiovascular system includes a heart,
which is a muscular pump that contracts to propel
blood out to the body through arteries, and a series of
blood vessels. The upper chamber of the heart, the
atrium (pl. atria), is where the blood enters the heart.
Passing through a valve, blood enters the lower
chamber, the ventricle. Contraction of the ventricle
forces blood from the heart through an artery.
RELATE THE STRUCTURES TO FUNCTIONS OF CIRCULATORY AND
RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS.
RELATE THE STRUCTURES TO FUNCTIONS
OF EXCRETORY AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS.
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Liquid waste is removed from the body
through the kidneys.
Located beside the spine in your back
within your ribcage, the kidneys are small
(about 10 centimeters long) reddish-brown
organs that are shaped like beans.
During circulation, blood passes through
the kidneys in order to deposit used and
unwanted water, minerals, and a nitrogenrich molecule called urea. The kidneys
filter the wastes from the blood, forming a
liquid called urine.
The kidneys funnel the urine into the
bladder along two separate tubes called
ureters.
The bladder stores the urine until
muscular contractions force the urine out
of the body through the urethra.
Each day, your kidneys produce about 1.5
liters of urine. All of it needs to be removed
from your system. This occurs through
urination.
RELATE THE STRUCTURES TO FUNCTIONS
OF EXCRETORY AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS.
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The digestive system is made up of the
digestive tract—a series of hollow organs
joined in a long, twisting tube from the
mouth to the anus—and other organs that
help the body break down and absorb food
Organs that make up the digestive tract
are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine—also called the
colon—rectum, and anus.
Inside these hollow organs is a lining called
the mucosa. I
In the mouth, stomach, and small
intestine, the mucosa contains tiny glands
that produce juices to help digest food.
The digestive tract also contains a layer of
smooth muscle that helps break down food
and move it along the tract.
Two “solid” digestive organs, the liver and
the pancreas, produce digestive juices that
reach the intestine through small tubes
called ducts. The gallbladder stores the
liver's digestive juices until they are
needed in the intestine.
RELATE THE STRUCTURES TO FUNCTIONS
OF ENDOCRINE AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS.
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the endocrine system is a collection of glands that secrete chemical
messages we call hormones. These signals are passed through the
blood to arrive at a target organ, which has cells possessing the
appropriate receptor. Exocrine glands (not part of the endocrine
system) secrete products that are passed outside the body. Sweat
glands, salivary glands, and digestive glands are examples of exocrine
glands.
The pituitary gland (often called the master gland) is located in a
small bony cavity at the base of the brain. A stalk links the pituitary
to the hypothalamus, which controls release of pituitary hormones.
The pituitary gland has two lobes: the anterior and posterior lobes.
The anterior pituitary is glandular.
The posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones into the blood.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin are produced in the
hypothalamus and transported by axons to the posterior pituitary
where they are dumped into the blood. ADH controls water balance in
the body and blood pressure. Oxytocin is a small peptide hormone
that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth.
RELATE THE STRUCTURES TO FUNCTIONS
OF ENDOCRINE AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS.
RELATE THE STRUCTURES TO FUNCTIONS
OF ENDOCRINE AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS.
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The human nervous system has two main
divisions: the central nervous system (CNS),
and the peripheral nervous system (PNS),
which includes the somatic motor nervous
system, and the sensory nervous system.
The CNS consists of the brain and spinal
cord. It acts as the central control region of
the human nervous system, processing
information and issuing commands.
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is the
command network the CNS uses to
maintain the body's homeostasis. It
automatically regulates heartbeat and
controls muscle contractions in the walls of
blood vessels, digestive, urinary, and
reproductive tracts. It also carries messages
that help stimulate glands to secrete tears,
mucus, and digestive enzymes.
RELATE THE STRUCTURES TO FUNCTIONS OF
INTEGUMENTARY AND MUSCULOSKELETAL
SYSTEMS.
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Skin is the body’s largest organ, making up
the body’s covering.
The skin’s three layers-epidermis, dermis,
and subcutaneous layer-help the body
maintain its structure; protect against
INFECTION; and regulate fluids,
electrolytes, and temperature.
The subcutaneous layer, innermost to the
body, contains primarily adipose tissue
more familiarly called body fat.
The dermis, the middle layer, provides the
structure of the skin. It contains connective
tissue, the SEBACEOUS GLANDS, and an
abundant supply of nerves and blood
vessels.
The dermis nourishes the epidermis above it
and attaches to the subcutaneous layer
beneath it, holding the skin in place. HAIR
follicles and SWEAT GLANDS extend from
the epidermis into the dermis and a bit into
the subcutaneous layer.
RELATE THE STRUCTURES TO FUNCTIONS OF
INTEGUMENTARY AND MUSCULOSKELETAL
SYSTEMS.
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A musculoskeletal system (also known as the locomotor
system) is an organ system that gives animals
(including humans) the ability to move using the
muscular and skeletal systems. The musculoskeletal
system provides form, support, stability, and movement
to the body.
It is made up of the body's bones (the skeleton),
muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other
connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and
organs together. The musculoskeletal system's primary
functions include supporting the body, allowing motion,
and protecting vital organs. The skeletal portion of the
system serves as the main storage system for calcium
and phosphorus and contains critical components of the
hematopoietic system.
This system describes how bones are connected to other
bones and muscle fibers via connective tissue such as
tendons and ligaments. The bones provide the stability
to a body in analogy to iron rods in concrete
construction. Muscles keep bones in place and also play
a role in movement of the bones. To allow motion,
different bones are connected by joints. Cartilage
prevents the bone ends from rubbing directly on to each
other. Muscles contract (bunch up) to move the bone
attached at the joint.
RELATE THE STRUCTURES TO FUNCTIONS
OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS.
The human female reproductive
system is a series of organs
primarily located inside of the
body and around the pelvic region
of a female that contribute
towards the reproductive process.
 The human female reproductive
system contains three main parts:
the vagina, which leads from the
vulva, the vaginal opening, to the
uterus; the uterus, which holds
the developing fetus; and the
ovaries, which produce the
female's ova.
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RELATE THE STRUCTURES TO FUNCTIONS
OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS.
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The male reproductive system
consists of the testes and a series of
ducts and glands.
Sperm are produced in the testes and
are transported through the
reproductive ducts.
These ducts include the epididymis,
ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct and
urethra.
The reproductive glands produce
secretions that become part of semen,
the fluid that is ejaculated from the
urethra.
These glands include the seminal
vesicles, prostate gland, and
bulbourethral gl
RELATE THE STRUCTURES TO FUNCTIONS
OF THE HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM.
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Our environment is full of pathogens (bacteria,
viruses, pollutants, etc). Our immune system is
neutralizes these invaders.
The non-specific immune response includes
barriers such as skin and mucus secretions e.g.
in our lungs or nose. The mucus can trap
invaders and they can be flushed out.
Nonspecific cellular response includes the
engulfing and lysis of invaders by phagocytes.
The inflammation reaction is also a nonspecific
response.The paracrine hormone histamine is
released, making blood capillaries leaky. The
blood with its white blood cells will penetrate
infected tissue initiating the immune response.
The specific immune response includes the the
production of antibodies, their attachment to
the antigen region of invadors and the final
destruction of the tagged invader
RELATE THE STRUCTURES TO FUNCTIONS OF THE HUMAN
IMMUNE SYSTEM.
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The human immune system ( image ) is organized into a host of
individual cells, which arise in the bone marrow and circulate in
blood and lymph. In humans the white blood cells (called
leukocytes) are the agents of the immune response. The cells of
the human immune system include
White blood cells that act through Phagocytosis
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Phagocytes : (mostly in liver, spleen and lymph nodes)
destroy invaders through phagocytosis

Macrophages : circulate in the lymph system and blood,
engulf envaders (e.g. viruses or bacteria) and digest them
(image) Macrophages are the first defense during an
infection. Their numbers increase rapidly.
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Monocytes: develop into macrophages during an infection.
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Neutrophils: are similar to macrophages, i.e. they engulf
invaders, however they also secrete a chemical that kills
additional invaders on contact.
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Eosinophils: digest invaders which are tagged by
antibodies.
Lymphocytes
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B-cells: produce antibodies and form memory cells. They
develop in the bone marrow
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T-cells: there are two types of T-cells: Cytotoxic T-cells
which recognize infected cell and destroy them and Thelper cells which assist B-cells to develop antibodies.
ANALYZE THE INTERCONNECTEDNESS OF ANIMAL ORGAN
SYSTEMS.
ANALYZE THE EFFECTS OF FEEDBACK LOOPS IN
HUMAN SYSTEMS (E.G., CLASSICAL VERTEBRATE
HORMONES, FIGHT OR FLIGHT).
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Positive feedback mechanisms control self-perpetuating events that
can be out of control and do not require continuous adjustment.
In positive feedback mechanisms, the original stimulus is promoted
rather than negated.
Positive feedback increases the deviation from an ideal normal value.
Unlike negative feedback that maintains hormone levels within
narrow ranges, positive feedback is rarely used to maintain
homeostatic functions.
ANALYZE THE EFFECTS OF FEEDBACK LOOPS IN
HUMAN SYSTEMS (E.G., CLASSICAL VERTEBRATE
HORMONES, FIGHT OR FLIGHT).
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In negative feedback, the hormone itself
(or the result of its action) controls
further hormone secretion.
Each endocrine gland tends to
oversecrete its hormone, exerting more
effect on the target tissue.
When the target tissue becomes too
active, there is a negative effect on the
endocrine gland, which then decreases
its secretory action.
We can use as an example the secretion
of thyroid hormones
A pituitary hormone, called thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH), triggers
secretion of hormones from the thyroid
gland located in the neck.
As blood levels of these hormones rise
under the effects of TSH, they act as
negative feedback messengers to inhibit
TSH release from the pituitary.
With less TSH, the thyroid releases less
hormone and blood levels drop. .
ANALYZE THE EFFECTS OF FEEDBACK LOOPS IN
HUMAN SYSTEMS (E.G., CLASSICAL VERTEBRATE
HORMONES, FIGHT OR FLIGHT).
ANALYZE THE EFFECTS OF FEEDBACK LOOPS IN HUMAN
SYSTEMS (E.G., CLASSICAL VERTEBRATE HORMONES, FIGHT OR
FLIGHT).
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The "fight or flight response" is our body's
primitive, automatic, inborn response that
prepares the body to "fight" or "flee" from
perceived attack, harm or threat to our
survival.
The purpose of the fight or flight response is to
either help you fight an enemy or to flee away
and save yourself.
The problem that many people suffer from is
that their fight or flight response is fired when
its not needed. For example, the feelings you
get right before doing a presentation in front of
a large group is an example of firing of the fight
and flight response in the wrong time.
Below is what happens in the human body
when the fight or flight response is triggered :
Adrenaline is released into our bloodstream.
The rate of respiration increases
 Blood is moved away from our digestive tract and
directed into our muscles and limbs
 pupils dilate.
 awareness intensifies.
 sight sharpens.
 impulses quicken.
 perception of pain diminishes.
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BEHAVIOR (E.G., COMMUNICATION AND
SIGNALS, DOMINANCE HIERARCHY,
TERRITORIALITY, AGGRESSION, COURTSHIP,
INNATE AND LEARNED BEHAVIOR).
“Behavior” as most people understand it, is a
directed response of an organism to the
environment.
 The response may be chemical, or a physical
movement. Bacteria, fungi, and plants are
capable of “behavior”, but the most elaborate and
extensive behaviors are limited to members of
the animal kingdom.
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BEHAVIOR (E.G., COMMUNICATION AND
SIGNALS, DOMINANCE HIERARCHY,
TERRITORIALITY, AGGRESSION, COURTSHIP,
INNATE AND LEARNED BEHAVIOR).
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Innate vs. Learned Behavior
Innate behavior is developmentally fixed. Despite
differing environments, all individuals that can
exhibit the behavior do exhibit the behavior. This
does not mean the environment does not play a role,
innate behaviors are triggered by a stimulus which
must occur within the context of the animal’s
environment.
 Learned behaviors are modified by experience.
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BEHAVIOR (E.G., COMMUNICATION AND
SIGNALS, DOMINANCE HIERARCHY,
TERRITORIALITY, AGGRESSION, COURTSHIP,
INNATE AND LEARNED BEHAVIOR).
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Cyclic behavior - Innate behavior that occurs in a repeating
pattern. Ex: Diurnal - awake during the day (innate) |
Nocturnal - awake at night (innate) | Migration (innate) |
Hibernation (innate) | Estivation - inactive during hot, hot
weather (innate)
Courtship behavior - Innate behavior allowing male &
female to recognize each other. Usually male is more
colorful and dies the courting. (innate)
Chemical behavior - Innate behavior using chemicals to
influence behavior of another animal of the same species.
Ex: territory, warn of danger, attract mate, etc. (innate).
Sound behavior - Innate behavior to attract a mate. Many
animals con only hear their species.
Sight communication - Bioluminescence - Ability to give off
light. Fireflies use it to find a mate. Deep sea animals use it
to capture prey and mate.
BEHAVIOR (E.G., COMMUNICATION AND
SIGNALS, DOMINANCE HIERARCHY,
TERRITORIALITY, AGGRESSION, COURTSHIP,
INNATE AND LEARNED BEHAVIOR).
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Learned behaviors
Imprinting (both innate &
learned)
occurs only during a critical
time frame
 once learned, can’t be changed
 Ducklings
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Habituation
unrelated
 response with a stimulus
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Operant Conditioning
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nimal learns to behave in a
certain way through repeated
practice
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Trial & error learning – animal
tests conditions for desired
response
Skinner box:Animal learns that
a behavior gets a certai
response
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Animal learns to ignore
frequent,
 harmless stimulus
 Reasoning
 E.g. scarecrow, habituation to
 Analyze problem & devise
observer
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Classical Conditioning
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Animal learns to associate
solution using past experiences
BEHAVIOR (E.G., COMMUNICATION AND
SIGNALS, DOMINANCE HIERARCHY,
TERRITORIALITY, AGGRESSION, COURTSHIP,
INNATE AND LEARNED BEHAVIOR).
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Foraging = feeding
Parental Care = ensuring
survival of young
Courtship = attracting a mate
Reproductive = e.g. mating,
giving birth
Offensive/Defensive =
aggression, submissive
behavior, defense from
aggressors
Territorial = protect a resource
for exclusive use
Social = work to create
alliances, help the group
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Migratory = movement to a
more suitable environment as
seasons change
Communication = signaling
between one animal & another
Curiosity = investigating new
stimulus in environment
Elimination = defecation,
urination
Resting = apparent inaction
Play Purpose = training for life