Transcript The Integumentary System

Objectives
To explain the function of the
integumentary system.
 To identify the components of the
epidermis.
 To list the strata of the epidermis.

Definitions
Epi – ___________________, on top of
 Hypo – _______________
 Derm – ______________
 Serous membrane – membranes that
line the body cavities
 Mucous membrane – membranes that
open to the outside of the body
 Synovial membrane – Membranes in
our joints

The Integumentary System: An Overview
Introduction
Organs are body structures
composed of two or more different
__________________________.
 The skin and its accessory organs make
up the ________________________
system

Parts of the integumentary
system
________________ – largest organ in
our body
 Body membranes
 _________________
 Nails

Functions:
Protective ______________________
 Helps regulate body
________________________________
(homeostasis)
 Prevents ___________________ loss
from deeper tissues
 Houses sensory receptors
 Synthesizes biochemicals
 Excretes small quantities of waste

Consists of…

____________________ membrane
 _______________________ – Outermost
layer
 ____________________ – Middle layer

Accessory structures- hair,
___________________________,
sebaceous glands etc.

Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) –
innermost layer
Components
Figure 5.1
Cutaneous Membrane

Cutaneous membrane is another word for
skin.
 _____________ membrane

Act as protective covering from….
 __________________________ damage (bumps)
 ___________________ damage (acids and bases)
 Bacterial damage
 ___________ radiation
 Thermal damage
 Desiccation (drying out)
Cutaneous Membrane
Regulate body
_____________________________
 Prevent water loss
 House _________________________
_______________________________

 Send signals to your brain about what
you can __________________

Synthesize various biochemicals
 Like Vitamin D
3 Layers of Cutaneous
Membrane

_____________________:
 Structure: Top layer; stratified squamous tissue
 Function: protection

______________________:
 Structure: middle layer, largest layer. Hair, sweat
glands, nails, oil glands

_______________________________:
 Structure: Bottom layer. Loose connective tissue
and adipose tissue.
 Function: Insulation, houses major blood vessels.
The Epidermis
Thin Skin and Thick Skin

The epidermis is composed of layers of
____________________________cells that produce keratin
 Thin skin = ______________ layers (strata)
 Thick skin = ________________ layers
Figure 5.2
The Epidermis
Composed of
_____________________________ epithelium
 Lacks ________________________________
 Older cells are pushed to the top and harden in
a process called ________________________.

Layers of the epidermis:
From deep to superficial….
Stratum _________________/ germinativum
(cells undergoing mitosis)
 Stratum ____________________
 Stratum _____________________
 Stratum _____________________ (only occurs in
thick, hairlss skin of palms and hands and soles of
feet)
 Stratum _________________ (cells filled with
keratin to protect and prevent water loss from
skin)

The Structure of the Epidermis
Figure 5.4
Epidermis Cell Layers

___________________________
 Basal cells (stem) are reproducing
__________________________- spiny layer
 _________________________- grainy layer

 Stops dividing, start producing keratin

____________________
 The clear layer found only in thick skin

____________________
 Exposed to surface and shed every 2 wks.
Skin color depends on…

Genetics
 Differing amounts of _________________ and size
of melanin ______________________

Blood supply
 Interrupted blood supply leads to _______________-
blue!

________________________
 Orange-yellow pigment found in orange vegetables

Melanin
 Yellow-brown ______________________
 Protects deeper cells from UV radiation
 Produced by ___________________________
Melanocytes
Figure 5.5a, b
Epidermal cells

Synthesize ____________________
(cholecalciferol) when exposed to UV

Aids in absorption of ____________________
and phosphorus- needed for bone strength

Respond to epidermal growth factor




_________________
Division
_________________
Secretion
Objectives
The explain the components of the
dermis.
 To understand why tattoos are
permanent.
 To identify accessory organs of the
integument and explain their function.

The Dermis
Dermal Organization





Located between __________________ and
subcutaneous layer
Consists of connective tissue with ___________
and elastic fibers within a gel-like substance
Anchors accessory structures- hair follicles,
sweat glands, blood vessels etc.
Carry nutrients to upper layers of skin and
help regulate temperature.
Two components:
 Outer _______________________ layer
 Deep _______________________ layer
Layers of the Dermis

Papillary layer
 _____________________ tissue
 Contains blood vessels, lymphatics, sensory
nerves of epidermis

Reticular layer
 _________________ irregular connective
tissue
 Contains network of collagen and
____________ fibers to resist tension
Stretch Marks
Caused by excessive stretching of the
___________________
 Patterns of ___________________
and elastic fibers form lines of
cleavage

Lines of Cleavage of the Skin
Figure 5.7
Hypodermis (subcutaneous)
Elastic areolar tissue and
___________________ tissue
 Stabilizes skins position against underlying
organs and tissues
 Shock absorber and ___________________
 Few capillaries and no vital organs
 Subcutaneous injection is useful to administer
drugs

Structures

Hair __________________
 Connective tissue containing capillaries and
_________________

_______________
 Anchors hair into skin

Shaft
 Part we see on the surface
 Consists of three layers
○ __________________- overlapping shingle layer
○ ____________________- underlying layer- pigments
○ _______________________- core of hair
Structures Contd.

Sebaceous Glands
 Also called holocrine glands
 Associated with __________________________
 Discharge oily substance into hair follicles
(waterproofs and moisturizes the hair shafts)
 Inhibits growth of _______________________
 Activated at puberty

____________________________ muscle
 Pulls on follicle, forcing the hair to stand up
 Cold or emotional states- goosebumps
Anatomy of a Single Hair
Figure 5.9
Hair Follicles and Hair
Hair Follicles
Figure 5.10a-c
Hair
Hairs
Individual hairs develop from cells at the base of
the hair follicle, an invagination of the lower
_____________________ that dips down into
the ____________________.
 As new cells are formed, old cells are pushed
outward and become _____________________,
forming the hair shaft.
 Project deep into the dermis and often into the
hypodermis

Hair Color
Melanin produced by ____________________
at the hair papilla
 Red hair also contains the pigment
trichosiderin
 Determined by ___________________

Function of Hair

Head
 Protection from ______________________
 Cushion a light blow to head
 Insulation

Nostrils, ears, and eyes
 Prevent entry of _______________________

Sensory
 Sensory _______________________ at base of every
hair
Appendages of the Skin
Appendages of the Skin
Exocrine Glands- Reach Outside

Sebaceous glands (Oil glands)
 Associated with hair
 Secrete ____________________, which
lubricates and inhibits bacteria growth
 ______________- condition when they are
clogged

Sweat glands (Watery Glands)
 2 kinds
○ Ecrine: __________________________
○ Apocrine: _______________________
Sweat Glands
Eccrine – respond to body
______________________; open via duct
to pore on skin surface
 Apocrine – responds to body temperature,
___________________; ducts empty into
hair follicles
 Ceruminous glands – modified sweat
glands that secrete ___________ in the
ear canal
 Mammary glands – modified type of sweat
glands that secrete ________________

Sebaceous Glands and Hair
Figure 5.11
Sweat Glands
Figure 5.12 Sweat Glands
Figure 5.12a, b
Sweat and Its Function

Composition:
 Mostly _________________
 ______________________ and vitamin C
 Some metabolic waste
 Fatty acids and __________________ (apocrine
only)

Function:
 Helps dissipate excess ____________
 Excretes _________________ products
 Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth

Odor is from associated bacteria
Regulation of body temperature
Heat may be lost to surroundings from the
skin.
 Body responds to excessive heat by
__________________ of dermal blood
vessels and sweating.
 Body responds to excessive cooling by
______________________ dermal blood
vessels, inactivation sweat glands and
shivering.

Nails
___________________ cells that
protects the tips of fingers and toes
 ________________________________
overlying the nail bed

 _________________ is the most actively
growing region of the nail root
Structures

Nail Body
 Covers an area of the epidermis called the
______________________

Nail ____________
 Where nail production occurs
 Not visible on surface

Cuticle
 Portion of ________________________
___________________________
Structure Contd.

_________________
 Pale crescent area near the root were
___________________________________
are absent
Figure 5.13 The Structure of a
Nail
Figure 5.13
Loss of Homeostasis in Skin
Skin Homeostatic Imablance

Infections
 Athlete’s foot (tinea pedis) – _______________
infection
 Boils and carbuncles – ___________________
infection
 Cold sores – caused by ________________
Skin Homeostatic Imbalance
Skin Homeostatic Imabalance

_________________
 Tissue damage and cell death caused by
heat, electricity, _____________________,
or chemicals
 Associated dangers
○ ________________________________
○ Electrolyte imbalance
○ Circulatory shock
Severity of Burns

First-degree burns
 Only ___________________________ is
damaged
 Skin is red and swollen

Second-degree burns
 Epidermis and ________________________
are damaged
 Skin is red with blisters

Third-degree burns
 Destroys ______________________________
 Burn is gray-white or black
Severity of Burns
Critical Burns

Burns are considered critical if
 Over ___________ of the body has
second-degree burns
 Over ___________ of the body has thirddegree burns
 There are third-degree burns on the
_________________, ________________,
or __________________
Healing of Wounds

_______________________________ – blood vessels
dilate and become more permeable
 Causes tissues to become red and _________________
 This is the body’s normal response to injury




Superficial cuts are filled in by reproducing
______________________________________
Deeper cuts are closed off by ________________,
covered by scabs and eventually filled in by
fibroblasts, making connective tissue.
Blood vessels extend into the area, the injured tissues
are replaced, and the scab falls off.
Large wounds leave _______________________ and
healing may be accompanied by the formation of
granulations.
Skin Cancer
_____________________ –
unregulated mitotic cell division
producing abnormal mass
 Classified in two ways

 _____________________ – does not
spread
 _____________________ – metastasized
(moves) to other parts of the body

Skin cancer is the most common type
of cancer!!
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Least _______________________
 Most _______________________ type
 Arises from stratum basale

Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Metastasizes to __________________________
if not removed
 Early removal allows a good chance of cure
 Believed to be __________________________
 Arises from stratum spinosum

Malignant melanoma
Most deadly of skin cancers
 Cancer of melanocytes
 Metastasizes rapidly to ____________
and blood vessels
 Detection uses ABCD rule

ABCD rule

A = ________________________
 Two sides of pigmented mole do not match

B = ________________________________
 Borders of mole are not smooth

C = _______________
 Different colors in pigmented area

D = ________________________
 Spot is lager than 6 mm in diameter
The Skeletal System
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The Skeletal System
provides structural support
The Integumentary System
synthesizes vitamin D3, essential
for calcium and phosphorus
absorption (bone maintenance
and growth)
The Muscular System
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The Muscular System’s facial
muscles pull against skin of face,
producing expressions important
in communication
The Integumentary System
synthesizes vitamin D3 ,
essential for normal calcium
absorption (calcium ions play an
essential role in muscle
contraction)
The Nervous System
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The Nervous System controls
blood flow and sweat gland
activity for thermoregulation;
stimulates contraction of
arrector pili muscles to elevate
hairs
The Intergumentary System’s
receptors in dermis and deep
epidermis provide sensations
of touch, pressure, vibration,
temperature, and pain
The Endocrine System
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The Endocrine System includes
the sex hormones that stimulate
sebaceous and apocrine gland
activity, and develop secondary
sexual characteristics; suprarenal
hormones alter blood flow to skin
and mobilize lipids from fat cells
The Integumentary System
synthesizes vitamin D3, precursor
of calcitriol, a hormone produced
by the kidneys
The Cardiovascular System
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The Cardiovascular System
provides oxygen and nutrients;
delivers hormones and cells of
immune system; carries away
carbon dioxide, waste
products, and toxins; provides
heat to maintain normal skin
temperature
The Integumentary System’s
mast cells produce localized
changes in blood flow and
capillary permeability
The Lymphatic System
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The Lymphoid System assists
in defending the integument by
providing additional
macrophages and mobilizing
lymphocytes
The Integumentary System
provides physical barriers that
prevent pathogen entry;
macrophages resist infection;
mast cells trigger inflammation
and initiate the immune
reponse
The Respiratory System
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The Respiratory System
provides oxygen and eliminates
carbon dioxide
The Integumentary System’s
hairs guard entrance to nasal
cavity
The Digestive System
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The Digestive System Provides
nutrients for all cells and lipids
for storage by adipocytes
The Integumentary System
synthesizes vitamin D3, needed
for absorption of calcium and
phosphorus
The Urinary System
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The Urinary System excretes
waste products, maintains
normal body fluid pH and ion
composition
The Integumentary System
assists in elimination of water
and solutes; keratinized
epidermis limits fluid loss
through skin