Transcript BOŞALTIM SİSTEMLERİ

Excretory systems
Excretory wastes
CO2, O2, nitrogenous wastes, bile
abscission, guttation
Functions of excretory system
 Excretory organs control the osmolarity and the
volume of blood and tissue fluid by excreting
solutes that are present in excess.
 Give out nitrogenous wastes
 Keep homeostatsis
 Balance blood pH
Ammonnia
Urea
Uric acid
Poisonous
High
Medium
Low
Water amount it
needs
High
Medium
Low
Energy spent
Low
Medium
High
Organisms
living in water
fish, amphibia
Mammals
Birds, reptiles,
arthropoda
 http://www.whfreeman.com/thelifewire6
e/con_index.htm?51 ANİMASYON
 Many flatworms, such
as Planaria, live in fresh
water. These animals
excrete water through
an elaborate network of
tubules running
throughout their bodies.
The tubules end inflame
cells(protonephridium)
 Annelids have a closed
circulatory system through
which blood is pumped under
pressure. The pressure causes
the blood to be filtered across
the thin, permeable capillary
walls into the coelom. Each
segment of the earthworm
contains a pair of
metanephridia. Each
metanephridium begins in one
segment as a ciliated, funnellike opening in the coelom As
the fluid passes through the
tubules, their cells actively
resorb certain molecules from it.
 The insect excretory system
consists of Malpighian
tubules attached to the gut.
The tubules are closed at the
other end, and they project
throughout the insect’s body
cavity. The
 Malpighian tubule system is
a highly effective mechanism
for excreting nitrogenous
wastes and some salts
without giving up a significant
fraction of the animal’s
precious water supply.
Vertebrate Excretory Systems
 Except mammals gametes and excretory
wastes are thrown out from the same
openning called cloak.
Volf kanalı dişilerde körelir, erkekte üreme sistemi olarak iş
görür.Balık ve kurbağada hem üreme hem de boşaltım
kanalı olarak iş görür. Müller kanalı erkekte körelirken
dişide gelişerek dişi üreme kanalını oluştururlar.
 In vertebrates skin, lung and liver help
excretory system. In the development of
kidney 3 types of kidneys are
differentiated.
Pronephotic kidney
Mesonephrotic kidney
Composed of ciliated
Instead of a ciliated
funnels. Blood is
funnel there are
filtered in glomerulus
bowman capsules.
and enters funnel. Can
Filtered blood enters
be seen in shark.
volf channel and
cloak. Can be seen in
reptile, bird, and
mammal embryos.
And fish and frog
adults.
Metanephrotic kidney
Reptile, bird and
mammal. Ave
nephron. In some
organisms
reproductive organs
are assoiated with
excretory systems.
Muller duct and volf duct
enhance the formation
of reproductive duct.
Human Excretory system
 Human excretory system is composed of kidney,
ureter,bladder, urethra.
 Each human kidney contains about
a million nephrons, and their
organization within the kidney is
very regular. All of the glomeruli are
located in the cortex. The initial
segment of a renal tubule is called
the proximal convoluted tubule
All they are also located in the
cortex.
 The portion of the tubule in the
medulla is the loop of Henle.
Where the ascending limb of the
loop of Henle reaches the cortex, it
becomes the distal convoluted
tubule. The distal convoluted
tubules of many nephrons join a
common collecting duct in the
cortex.
NEFRON YAPISI
 Glomerulus(kılcal damar yumağı)

Bowman kapsülü

Nefron kanalları(yakın tüp, henle
kulbu, uzak tüp)

Toplama kanalı
ve bu kanalları
saran Böbrek damarları bulunur.
http://media.pearsoncmg.co
m/bc/bc_marieb_ehap_8/acti
vities/chapter15/Act15C.html
 Glomerulus:
 is made up of capillaries within the Bowman capsule. Glomerulus is




the only capillary between 2 arteries. Their hydrostatic pressure is
high. Plasma is filtered from glomerulus.
Bowman capsule: is a hollow capsule lined with epithelial cells.
Glomerulus and bowman capsule together are named as malphigi
body.
Nephron tubules: Proximal, distal tubes and loop of henle form these
tubules. Rhey have a role of absorption, secretion. Filtrate enters to
collecting duct at last and enters pelvis through the pyramid ducts.
Blood vessels : The blood vessels entering the kidney is branched to
capillaries to cover all tubules to absorb water. Then these capillaries
are collected to form venules.
Kidney(renal) artery is rich in oxygen but also rich with nitrogenous
wastes. But kidney(renal) vein is rich in CO2 and low with nitrogenous
wastes.
Formation of Urine
Filtration:
Occurs in glomerulus. Water, ions,
aminoacids, monoaccharides and urea
passes to bowman capsule. Blood cells,
plasma proteins and lipids can’t
pass.Blood pressure or hydrostatic
pressure is the main force.
Reabsorption: All aminoacids,
monosaccharides , some urea are
absorbed in proximal tubes. Na,Cl and
HCO3 ions are absorbed from both
proximal and distal tubes. About 99 % of
water is absorbed.
Distal tubules:
water is
absorbed.
Absorption is
controlled by
vasopressin(AD
H). Aldosteron
facilitates Na
uptake and K
secretion. Also
antibiotics,
vitamins, H ions
are secreted
from there.
Absorption in proximal
tube: microvilli increase
SA. Water and blood
flow are in reverse
directions.
Loop of Henle: descending
and ascending tubules. Blood
and filtrate flows in reverse
directions. Water and Cl ions
Control of absorption
If the osmotic pressure of
blood is high
(Concentrated)
ADH is secreted from
pituitary gland
Water is absorbed to the
blood
The osmotic pressure of
blood decreases
 Water balance is
regulated by ADH. ADH
effects distal tubules and
collecting duct and water
is absorbed. Blood
volume increases.
Osmotic pressure of
blood decreases to
normal.
Salt regulation
 If the salt amount is low,
aldosteron hormone is secreted
to the blood. It effects distal
tubules and collecting ducts to
take in Na ions. If aldosteron is
high more na is absorbed to
blood and osmotic pressure of
blood increases.
pH balance
 The normal blood pH is 7,4.
 If the blood becomes acidic, excess H ions
are given to the urine or HCO3 is
absorbed back.
Adaptations of excretory systems
 Fresh water fish: They take in water
passively. To prevent this they have scales.
They take in salt by active transport from
their gills. They don’t drink water and
produce hypotonic urine. . Their
glomerulus is well developed to increase
the volume of blood that is filtered.
 Marine bony fish prevent excessive loss of water by
producing very little urine. Marine bony fishes take in
seawater with their food, which results in large salt loads.
The fish handle these salt loads by simply not absorbing
some ions from their guts and by actively excreting
others from the gill membranes and from the renal
tubules. Nitrogenous wastes are also lost as ammonia
from the gill membranes.
Their glomerulus is not developed. They filter smalla
mount of blood to keep water in. Their urine is
hypertonic(more concentrated)
 Sharks have adapted to a concentration of urea in the
body fluids that would be toxic to other vertebrates.
 http://www.ciccaracas.com.ve/departments/science/Topic7.php
 In desert animals Lood of henle is very
long to increase water absorption. Their
medulla part is large. They produce
hypertonic urine. Their glomerulus is not
developed.