Transcript CHAPTER 1 Lecture

ANATOMY 8/6/15
Please
get out the following
items:
 lab composition notebook
 textbook
 Permanent marker (if you
have one)
CHAPTER 1
HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
LAB NOTBEOOK SETUP
1.
Put name on the front cover as
well as along the outside of the
white pages.
2. On the first 3 pages (Front and
back) put the following heading and
underline.
Date
Title of Activity
Page #
THE HUMAN BODY
AN ORIENTATION
Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of
the body and its parts
 Physiology – study of how the body and its
parts work or function

ANATOMY
LEVELS OF STUDY
 Gross
Anatomy – when we look at our own
body


Large structures
Easily observable
 Microscopic
Anatomy – when we look at
cells and tissues of the body


Very small structures
Can only be viewed with a microscope
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
The
parts of your body form a wellorganized unit, and each of those
parts has a job to do to make the
body operate as a whole.
Summary: Each structure has a
specific FORM to fulfill its
FUNCTION
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
 Chemical
Level
 Simplest level

Atom – tiny building blocks of matter

Atoms combine to form molecules.
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
Cellular
Level
 Cell – the smallest
units of all living
things
 Cells are made up of
molecules.
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
 Tissue
Level
 Tissues consist of similar types of
cells that have a common function.
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
 Organ
Level
 Organs are made up of different types of
tissues.
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
 Organ
System Level
 Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely.
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
 Organism
Level
 Highest level of structural organization.

Human organisms are made up of 11 organ
systems.
STOP!
ANATOMY 8/7/15
• Complete BODY Systems graphic
organizer that you received yesterday.
• Turn into class box.
• Then see Mrs. Lathem for next
assignment.
AGENDA 8/10/15
1. PICK UP YOUR LAB
COMPOSITION NOTEBOOK.
2. ADD TO YOUR TABLE OF
CONTENTS.
8/10/15 BODY SYSTEM
OVERVIEW/ HOMEOSTASIS NOTES
ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
 Integumentary
 Organ
System
– skin
 Functions:
Forms the external body covering
Protects deeper tissue from
injury
Synthesizes vitamin D
Location of cutaneous nerve
receptors
ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
 Skeletal
System
 Organs – cartilages, joints, and bones
 Functions:
Protects and supports body organs
Provides muscle attachment for
movement
Site of blood cell formation
Stores minerals
ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
 Muscular
System
 Organs – skeletal muscles
 Functions:
Allows locomotion
Maintains posture
Produces heat
ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
 Nervous
System
 Organs – brain, spinal cord, and nerves
 Functions:
Fast-acting control system
Responds to internal and external
change
Activates muscles and glands
ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
 Endocrine
System
 Organs – pituitary gland, thyroid
gland, pancreas, testis, ovary
 Functions:
Secretes regulatory hormones
Hormones responsible for
growth, reproduction, and
metabolism
ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
 Cardiovascular
System
 Organs – heart and blood vessels
 Functions:
Transports materials in the body
through the blood
Materials transported includes
oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients,
and wastes
ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
 Lymphatic
System
 Organs – lymph nodes
 Functions:
Returns fluids to blood vessels
Disposes of debris
Involved in immunity
ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
 Respiratory
System
 Organs – nasal cavity, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, lungs
 Functions:
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
 Digestive
System
 Organs – mouth, esophagus,
stomach, intestines, rectum, anus
 Functions:
Breaks down food
Allows for nutrient absorption
into blood
Eliminates indigestible material
ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
 Urinary
System
 Organs – kidney and urinary
bladder
 Functions:
Eliminates wastes
Maintains acid-base balance
Regulation of water and
electrolytes
ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
 Reproductive
System
 Organs:
Male – penis, testis, scrotum,
seminal vesicles, prostate gland
Female – mammary glands,
ovary, uterus, vagina
 Functions:
Production of offspring

NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS
 Maintain
Boundaries
 Movement


Locomotion – walking, swimming, etc.
Movement of substances
 Responsiveness

Ability to sense changes and react
 Digestion

Break-down and delivery of nutrients
NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS
 Metabolism
Chemical reactions within the body
 Production of energy
 Making body structures
 Excretion
 Elimination of waste from metabolic
reactions
 Reproduction
 Production of offspring
 Growth
 Increasing cell size and number

SURVIVAL NEEDS
 Nutrients
 Chemicals
for energy and cell
building
 Includes carbohydrates, proteins,
lipids, vitamins, and minerals
 Oxygen
 Required for chemical reactions
SURVIVAL NEEDS
 Water



60-80 % of body weight
Single most abundant chemical substance in
the body
Provides for metabolic reaction
 Stable

Body Temperature
Must be maintained at around 98F
 Atmospheric

Pressure Must Be Appropriate
The force exerted on the surface of the body by the
weight of air
HOMEOSTASIS


Homeostasis = Maintenance of a stable internal
environment = A dynamic state of equilibrium
Homeostasis must be maintained for normal
body functioning and to sustain life.
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE


A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
As we age, our body organs become less efficient,
and our internal conditions become less and less
stable.
MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS
 The
body communicates through neural
and hormonal control systems
 Control Mechanism:


The receptor responds to changes in the
environment and sends information to the
control center (brain).
The control center determines the set point
(98.6) and determines the appropriate
response.
FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
 Negative




Feedback
Includes most homeostatic control
mechanisms
Works like a household thermostat
Your body’s thermostat is located in a
part of the brain called the
HYPOTHALAMUS
It shuts off the original stimulus, or
reduces its intensity
FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
 Positive
Feedback
 Increases the original stimulus or
disturbance
 In
the body this only occurs in
blood clotting and birth of a baby
STOP! 
THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
Special terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding
 Exact terms are used for:

Position
 Direction
 Regions
 Structures

ORIENTATION AND DIRECTIONAL TERMS


Anatomical Position – the body is erect with
the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the
sides with the palms facing forward
Table 1.1 on page 12 – go over these
BODY LANDMARKS


Anterior Landmarks on page 13 go over
these, but students have a copy of these terms
Posterior Landmarks on page 13 go over
these, but students have a copy of these terms
BODY PLANES – 3 TYPES (PAGE 15)

Sagittal Section
A cut made along a lengthwise plane of the body –
divides the body into right and left parts
 Midsagittal Section


When the cut is made down the middle of the body and the
right and left parts are equal in size
BODY PLANES – 3 TYPES (PAGE 15)
 Frontal


Section
A cut made along a lengthwise plane - divides
the body into anterior and posterior parts
Also known as Coronal Section
 Transverse


Section
A cut made along a horizontal plane – divides
the body into superior and inferior parts
Also known as Cross Section
BODY CAVITIES

Dorsal Body Cavity – 2 subdivisions
Cranial Cavity – the space inside the bony skull;
contains the brain
 Spinal Cavity – extends from the cranial cavity
nearly to the end of the vertebral column

BODY CAVITIES
 Ventral
Body Cavity – contains all the
structures within the chest and abdomen
Thoracic Cavity – contains the lungs and heart;
separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by a
dome-shaped muscle = DIAPHRAGM
 Abdominopelvic Cavity – 2 smaller subdivisions:

Abdominal Cavity – contains the stomach, liver, and
intestines
 Pelvic Cavity – contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and
rectum

ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS

4 quadrants (page 17, figure 1.8A)
ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS

9 regions (page 17, figure 1.8B)
ABDOMINOPELVIC MAJOR ORGANS

page 17, figure 1.8C