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Anatomy
Ch 1- An introduction
Organization and Directional terms
What do humans have in common
with ALL living things?
• Responsiveness- to stimuli – the environment
either external or internal
• Growth- in size, number or repair
• Reproduction- create new organism
• Movement-either internal or external
• Metabolism
What is Anatomy
What is Physiology
Muscle Physiology
Respiration Physiology
Anatomy has perspectives
• Microscopic
– Cytology
– Histology
• Macroscopic- or Gross
Anatomy
Levels of Organization
The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
Copyright © 2008 Pearson
Education, Inc., publishing as
Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.1
Organ Systems
Integumentary System
• Function: Protection from environmental
hazards, temperature control
• Organs
– Epidermis
– Dermis
– Hair follicles
– Sebaceous glands
– Nails
– Sensory receptors
Organ Systems
Skeletal System
• Function: Support, protection of soft tissues,
mineral storage, blood formation
• Organs
– Bones
– Cartilage
– Ligaments
– Bone Marrow
Organ System
Muscular System
• Function – Locomotion, support, heat
production
• Organs– Skeletal muscles
– Smooth muscles
– Cardiac muscles
Organ Systems
The Nervous System
• Function – Directing immediate
responses to stimuli, usually by
coordinating the activities of other organ
systems
• Organs
– Central Nervous system
• Brain
• Spinal cord
– Peripheral Nervous system
Organ Systems
The Endocrine System
• Function –Directing long-term changes in the
activities of other organ systems
• Organs
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Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Adrenal
Kidneys
Pancreas
Gonads
• Testes
• ovaries
Organ System
Cardiovascular System
• Function –Internal transport of cells and
dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes
and gases
• Organs
– Heart
– Blood vessels
• Arteries
• Capillaries
• Veins
– Blood
Organ Systems
Lymphatic system
• Function – Defense
against infection and
disease
• Organs
– Lymphatic vessels
– Lymph nodes
– Spleen
– thymus
Organ System
The Respiratory System
• Function-Delivery of air to sites where gas
exchange can occur between the air and
circulating blood
• Organs –
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Nasal cavities
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Alveoli
Organ System
Digestive System
• Function- Processing of food
and absorption of nutrients,
minerals, vitamins and water
• Organs
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Salivary glands
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Large intestine
Organ System
The Urinary System
• Function-Elimination of excess water, salts,
and waste products
• Organs
– Kidneys
– Ureters
– Urinary Bladder
– Urethra
Organ System
Female and Male Reproductive Systems
• Function – Production of sex cells and hormones
• Female Organs
– Ovaries
– Uterine Tubes
– Uterus
– Vagina
– External Genitalia
– Mammary glands
• Male organs
– Testes
– Accessory organs
• Epididymis
• Ductus Deerens
• Seminal vesicles
– External Genitalia
• Penis
• Scrotum
Homeostasis
• Definition – the process of maintaining internal
balance of a system
– Processes of homeostasis
• Negative feedback
• Positive feedback
Homeostasis, con’t
–Necessary organs
• Receptors
• Effectors
• Control center
What is Disease?
• When homeostasis FAILS
– As a function of
pathogens
• Virus
• Bacteria
• Parasite
• Fungus
– As a function of
accident
Bubonic
Plague
Anatomical Positions
• Supine
• Prone
Anatomical Regions
Quadrants
Body Cavities and Membranes
• Dorsal body cavity
– Cranial cavity
– Vertebral cavity
Body Cavities and Membranes
• Ventral body cavity
– Thoracic cavity –
divided into three
parts
• Two lateral parts each
containing a lung
surrounded by a
pleural cavity
• Mediastinum –
contains the heart
surrounded by the
pericardial sac
Body Cavities and Membranes
• Ventral body cavity
– Abdominopelvic
cavity – divided into
two parts
• Abdominal cavity –
contains the liver,
stomach, kidneys,
and other organs
• Pelvic cavity –
contains the bladder,
some reproductive
organs, and rectum
Other Body Cavities
Orientation and Directional Terms
Orientation and Directional Terms
Orientation and Directional Terms
Regional Terms and Activities
Body Planes and Sections
• Transverse plane
– Runs horizontally
and divides body
into superior and
inferior parts
Copyright © 2008 Pearson
Education, Inc., publishing as
Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.5
Banana sectioned into planes
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