Transcript Body Systems

The Digestive System
 Major
Function of
System:
 Break down
nutrients to
produce
energy
for the body
The Digestive System- Major
Organs and Functions
Stomach
Small
intestine
Large
intestine
Pancreas
Breaks down food physical-churns
Chemical- pepsin and HCl
Absorbs nutrients
Absorbs water, eliminates solid wastes
Liver
Secretes enzymes and hormones,
sodium bicarbonate to neutralize acid
in stomach
Produces bile (breaks down fats)
Gall bladder
Stores bile
Types of Digestive Systems
Filter Feeders – Porifera (sponges)
 Gastrovascular Cavity – Cnidarians
 One Body Opening – Flatworms
 Two body openings – Roundworms
 Complex digestive system – Earthworms
(crop, gizzard, intestines)
 Water Vascular Cavity - Echinoderms

Circulatory System
Major Function of
System:
 Transports nutrients,
oxygen, carbon
dioxide, hormones
and others
throughout the body
Circulatory Systems- Number of
chambers in the heart
Mammal- 4 chambers.
 Birds- 4 chambers
 Reptile- mostly 3 chambers (alligators and
crocodiles have 4)
 Amphibians- 3 chambers
 Fish- 2 chambers

Circulatory System- Path of
blood in the human heart
1-right atrium
 2- right ventricle contracts
 3-lungs- releases carbon dioxide and takes
in oxygen
 4- left atrium
 5-Left ventricle to aorta and out to body

Types of Circulation
Circulatory System – blood
flows in open sinuses or cavities
 Open
Circulatory System –
Blood contained in vessels
 Closed
Circulatory System
 Arteries-
carries blood AWAY from
heart, oxygen rich
 Veins- carries blood toward heart,
oxygen poor
 Capillaries- tiny vessels that
exchanges substances with the cells
Transport in other organisms
 Plants
Xylem- transports water in
 Phloem- transports nutrients
 Earthworm- has aortic arch- 5 vessels
that serve as a heart

Respiratory System
Major
function of
system:
 Gas
Exchange
 Oxygen in
 Carbon
Dioxide
out
Respiratory System- Major
parts and functions
Trachea
Tube from mouth to lungs
Bronchi
2 branches from trachea to lungs leads
to bronchioles
Alveoli
Tiny sacs in lungs that exchange
oxygen and carbon dioxide with the
blood
Diaphragm Muscle beneath lungs that controls
breathing
Down-inhale Up-exhale
Respiratory Structures in other
vertebrates and Invertebrates
Most Invertebrates – exchange gas with
water through diffusion
 Earthworm – respire through skin
 Fish – gills
 Amphibians – gills / lungs
 Insects- spiracles
 Plants-stomates- openings in leaf surface

Reproductive System
Major functions
of system:
 Produce
offspring to
continue the
species
Reproductive System- Major
parts of the flower
Male (Stamen)
 Filament-stalk, supports anther
 Anther- produces pollen
 Female (Pistil)
 Stigma- sticky, attracts pollen
 Style- tube leading to ovary
 Ovary- produces eggs

Reproductive System
Reproductive System- major
parts and functions


Male
 Testes- produces sperm
 Urethra- tube leading out of penis
Female
 Ovary- produces eggs
 Fallopian tube (oviduct)- tube leading to
uterus (fertilization occurs here)
 Uterus- where fetus develops during pregnancy
Endocrine System
Major
function of
system:
 Glands that
chemically
control the
body
Endocrine System
Pituitary
Controls other glands, in
head
Thyroid
Controls growth, in neck
Adrenal glands
Stress hormones, “flight
or fight” response
Produces insulinregulates blood sugar
Pancreas
Ovaries and testes
Steroid and sex hormones
Chemical Control in Plants

Hormones effect growth, development,
produce flower, fruit and seed development

Phototropism – hormones cause plants to
bend toward light

Geotropism – hormones cause plant roots
to grow down with gravity
Excretory System
Major
function of
system:
 Eliminate
liquid
wastes
Excretory System
Kidney
2, filters blood and removes
wastes
Nephron Filtering unit in kidney
Ureter
Tube from kidney to bladder
Bladder Sac that stores urine for
disposal
Nervous System
Major function of
system:
 Interpret
environment
 Control body’s
activities
 Brain, spinal cord,
nerves, and sense
organs
Excretory System
In aquatic environments secrete ammonia
directly into water
 Land animals convert ammonia to urea or
uric acid before excreting
 Insects- use Malpighian tubes for excretion
 Earthworms- use nephridia

Nervous System- Parts of the
Brain
Cerebrum- intelligence, memory,
movement
 Cerebellum- balance and coordination
 Medulla Oblongata- involuntary breathing
and heart rate
 CNS Central Nervous System- brain and
spinal cord

Nervous System- Parts of a
nerve

Axon- carries
impulses AWAY
from cell body

Dendrite- carries
impulses
TOWARD cell
body
Skeletal System
Major
function of
system:
 Movement,
support and
protection
Skeletal System
Sternum
clavicle
scapula
Humerus
Breast bone
Collar bone
Shoulder
Upper arm
Radius and Lower arm
ulna
Femur
Upper leg- thigh
Tibia and
fibula
Lower leg- shin
Types of Skeletons

Endoskeleton
 Internal skeleton
 Usually made of cartilage or bone

Exoskeleton
 External skeleton
 Arthropods - Chitin
Muscular System
Types of Muscles
Skeletal Moves the skeleton
Smooth Involuntary,
movement you are
unaware of, internal
organs
Cardiac Muscle found in
heart
Immune System
Major Function:
 Protection against
any foreign
material that
enters the body

Immune System
Pathogen- any disease causing substance
 Response to a pathogen
 First line of defense- skin
 Inflammatory response- redness,
swelling, and heat caused by the release
of histamines
 White blood cells

Immune System

Types of White blood Cells
 Macrophages- phagocytosis- engulf and
consume foreign materials
 Lymphocytes
 T cells- produced in thymus, recognize
foreign bodies
 B cells- produced in bone marrow,
memory cells
Immune System
Passive immunity- antibodies from mother
to fetus or injection with antibdies from
animal or other human
 Active immunity- obtained when exposed to
a disease, body produces antibodies
 Vaccine- injected with dead or weakened
pathogens, body produces own antibodies
