Transcript Anatomy - wondersofscience

Science Review
Exam Topics
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Nutrition
Digestive system (anatomy and physiology)
Respiratory system (anatomy and physiology)
Circulatory system (anatomy and physiology)
Blood typing
Waves
Senses (ears and eyes) (anatomy and physiology)
Technical Analysis
Nutrients
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Energy giving nutrients
Carbohydrates
source
 Lipids (fats)
 Proteins
Function: 1st energy
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source
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Function: 2nd energy source
Function: repairs tissues and
Emergency energy
Regulating nutrients
Vitamins and Minerals
 Water
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Goal of the digestive system
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The goal of the digestive system is to change
complex molecules into simple ones
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Complex Molecules
Molecules
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
into
Simple
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glucose
amino acids
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glycerol
Anatomy
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The digestive system:
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The digestive tract
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Path the food takes
The digestive glands
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Where chemicals that help in the breakdown of food
comes from
Glands = organs that secrete an enzyme (chemical)
**** Food does not enter the digestive glands
Anatomy
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Pathway of food
Mouth
 Pharynx
 Esophagus
 Stomach
 Small Intestine
 Large Intestine
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Anatomy
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The digestive tract
 The
Mouth
 The
teeth grind the food – mechanical
breakdown
 The salivary glands produce saliva –
chemical breakdown of carbohydrates
Anatomy
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The digestive tract
 The
Pharynx
Shared by the
respiratory system
and the digestive
system
Anatomy
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The digestive tract
 The
Esophagus
 The
esophagus
pushes the food
down towards
the stomach via
peristalsis
PERISTALSIS: muscle
contractions that push food
through the digestive tract
Anatomy
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The digestive tract
 The
Stomach
The gastric glands produce
pepsin and stomach acid that
will cause a chemical breakdown
of the nutrients
 The stomach also mixes the
food with the gastric juices. This
motion is called churning.
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Anatomy
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The digestive tract
 Small
Intestine
Pushes the food through to the large intestine via
peristalsis.
 Where the Bile from the liver and insulin from
the pancreas are added (most of the digestion
occurs here)
 This is where most of the simple nutrients
(glucose, amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids) are
absorbed through the villi.
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Anatomy
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The digestive Tract
Large Intestine
 Pushes the food through out of the system via
peristalsis.
 This is where water, minerals and vitamins are
absorbed through the villi.
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Anatomy
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Recap of the digestive glands
Salivary glands
 Gastric Glands
 Intestinal Glands
 Pancreas
 Liver
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(Saliva or Amylase)
(Stomach acid)
(Intestinal juices)
(Insulin)
(Bile)
*1st chemical transformation occurs in the mouth with
amylase
*Most of the “digestion” occurs in the small intestine
Physiology – How the system
works
Mmmm!!
Burger
Physiology
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During the digestion process your food
undergoes mechanical and chemical
transformations
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Mechanical Transformation: same thing only
smaller or mixed
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Chemical Transformation:break down of complex
molecules into less complex molecules
Examples of Mechanical
Transformations
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The Mouth – Chewing
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The Stomach and small intestine- Churning
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Mixing food with the secretions of the digestive
glands
Peristalsis is also a mechanical
transformation
Chemical Transformation (recap)
Digestive
Secretions
Gland
Salivary glands Saliva
Location
Mouth
Gastric Gland Gastric Juices Stomach
Targets
Starch
(complex
carbohydrate)
Proteins
Intestinal
glands
Intestinal
juices
Small intestine Proteins,
carbs, lipids
Pancreas
Pancreatic
juices
Small
Intestine
Proteins,
carbs, lipids
Absorption of nutrients
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The process that moves nutrients (chemically
broken down food) through the lining of the
digestive tract and into the blood stream.
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Mostly, food is absorbed in the small intestine
via Villi.
What is a Villi?
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Folds in the large and small intestines
Where simple nutrients are absorbed
Science Review
Topic 2: The Respiratory System
Topic 2: The Respiratory System
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General importance
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Function
Anatomy
Physiology
General Importance
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The respiratory system provides our body with
O2 (needed oxygen)
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This oxygen with the input of the digestive
system, leads to cellular respiration which gives
us energy
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O2 + glucose → water + CO2 + ENERGY
Time out
O2 + glucose → water + CO2 + ENERGY
Oxygen from the respiratory system
combine with glucose (sugar) from the
digestive system in the cell, and produces
water, carbon dioxide and energy
The Circulatory system brings the oxygen
and nutrients to the cell, and takes the
waste away.
Topic 2: The Respiratory System
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General importance
Anatomy
Respiratory Pathway
 Sites of Diffusion
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Physiology
Anatomy
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The Passage ways of the respiratory system
Nasal Cavity
 Pharynx
 Trachea (Larynx)
 Bronchi
 Lungs
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Bronchiole
 Alveoli
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Anatomy
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The respiratory system
 Nasal
Cavity
 Warms the air
 Capillaries
 Filters the air
 Nose hair (cilia)
 Moistens the air
 Mucous Glands
Anatomy
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The respiratory system
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Pharynx
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Shared with the digestive
system
Anatomy
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The respiratory system
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Trachea (Larynx)
Stops foreign particles
From entering
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Anatomy
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The respiratory system
Bronchi
 Division of the Trachea
 Goes into the lungs
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Anatomy
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The respiratory system
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Lungs
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Bronchioles
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Division of the bronchi
Anatomy
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The respiratory system
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Lungs
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Alveoli
Where diffusion happens.
Exchange of Oxygen for
Carbon Dioxide
Site of Diffusion
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Diffusion:
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transport of molecules of a mixture from a region of
higher concentration to one of lower concentration
Physiology – How we breathe?
Inspires
(Air enters)
Expires (Air
exists)
Ribs
Move up and
out
Move down
and in
Intercostal muscles
Contract
Relax
Diaphragm
Contract–
move down
Relaxes –
moves up
Lung
Volume
increases
Volume
Decreases
Lungs and Fluids
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Inspiration
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The diaphragm and the
intercostals muscles contract
This increases the volume of
the lungs, therefore
decreasing the pressure and
making it smaller than the
exterior air pressure.
The outside air moves to fill
in the ''empty'' space and
therefore moves into the
lungs to equalize the pressure
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Lungs and Fluids
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Expiration
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The diaphragm and
intercostals muscles relax
The lungs decrease in
volume
The pressure inside the
lungs becomes higher that
the exterior air pressure
The air moves from the area
of high pressure (your lungs)
to the area of low pressure
(outside)
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Science Review
Topic 3: The Circulatory System
Anatomy
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The circulatory system is the UPS system of
your body it delivers nutrients, O2 and waste
where it is needed
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O2 + glucose → water + CO2 + ENERGY
Blood Vessels
Heart
Anatomy
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The Blood Vessels
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Arteries
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Arterioles
Veins
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Arteries - going
away from the heart
Venules
Veins - going
towards the heart
Capillaries
Capillaries – where
the exchanges occur
Anatomy
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Important Arteries around the heart
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Aorta
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All oxygenated blood (arterial blood) leaves the heart
from this artery
Pulmonary arteries
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The de-oxygenated blood leaves the heart towards the
lungs
The pulmonary arteries are the exception –
it does not contain arterial blood
Anatomy
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Important Veins around the heart
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Vena Cava (inferior and superior)
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Blood from the body enters the heart by these two veins
Pulmonary veins
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Oxygenated blood (arterial blood) from the lungs enter
the heart
The pulmonary veins are the
exception – it does not contain
venous blood
Anatomy
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The Heart
Stimulates the movement of the blood
 Hollow muscle with 4 cavities/chambers
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Right Atrium
 Right Ventricle
 Left Atrium
 Left Ventricle
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RA
RV
LA
LV
Anatomy
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Blood always circulates from an atrium to a
ventricle.
ATRIUM
Atrioventricular
valve
VENTRICLE
Anatomy
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The Heart
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The contractions of the heart causes blood to
circulate
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For the blood to fill the atria, the heart is at rest
(diastole)
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To exit the atria, and later to exit the ventricle the
heart must contract (systole)
Anatomy
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The heart
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Pulmonary Circulation
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Brings blood to and from the lungs
Systemic Circulation
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Brings blood to and from the cells
Circulations
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Left side of the heart
Oxygen from the lungs travels through the
pulmonary veins to the left atrium
 The heart then contracts and pumps the blood from
the left atrium to the left ventricle
 The heart pumps again and pushes the oxygen rich
blood from the ventricle to the aorta
 The blood then travels through various arteries to
get to the capillaries and the cells, where diffusion
occurs
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Circulations
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Right side of the heart
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The blood, now rich in CO2, travels through the capillaries
and various veins until it reaches the superior vena cava or
the inferior vena cava
From the vena cava, the CO2 rich blood enters the right
Atrium.
The heart contracts and pumps the blood from the right
atrium to the right ventricle
The heart pumps again and pushes the CO2 rich blood from
the ventricle to the pulmonary arteries where it will return
to the lungs to exchange the CO2 for O2
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Circulations
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The proper way to divide the circulations of the
body is the following:
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Systemic Circulation
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From the heart (LV) to the cell and then back to the heart
(RA)
Pulmonary Circulation
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From the heart (RV) to the lungs and then back to the
heart (LA)
Blood
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Components
1.
2.
3.
4.
Plasma
Red blood cells (RBC)
White blood cells (WBC)
Platelets
Plasma – Liquid part of the blood
Red blood cells – carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
White blood cells - protect your system
Platelets – allow blood to coagulate
55%
45%
(less than 1%)
(less than 1%)
Blood types
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Certain substances (agglutinogens) are found on
the membrane of the red blood cell
Substance A
 Substance B
 Rh factor
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The presence of these substances determines your
blood type
Transfusions
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The injection of blood into a person
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Donor and Recipient
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Rule of transfusions:
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The donor’s blood must not carry substances that
differ from those on the red blood cells of the
recipient. Their blood must be compatible.
Blood Compatibility
Donors
AB+ ABR
E
C
I
P
I
E
N
T
S
AB+
ABA+
AB+
BO+
O-
A+
A-
B+
B-
O+ O-
Compatibility
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Transfusions are possible when both donor and
recipient have the same blood type
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People with type O- can donate to anybody and
are called universal donors
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People with type AB+ can receive from
anybody and are called universal recipients
Senses (sight and
hearing)
How do we perceive our world?
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80% of what we perceive is based on sight
3 types of neurons
 1) Sensory Neurons
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2) Motor Neurons
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Captures the information coming from the senses (from the sensory
organs to the cerebrum)
Transmits to the muscles the command given by the brain (from the
cerebrum to the muscle)
3) Inter neurons
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Ensures the transmission of the influx to all neurons
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Central Nervous system
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The brain is protected by many various layers
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Brain: consists of the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the brain
stem
Skin
Skull bone
Fluids
*** Interestingly enough, your brain does not have any
nerves in it and therefore cannot feel pain.
Pathway of light stimuli through
the body
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In the Eye
Cornea
 Aqueous humour
 Pupil
 Lens
 Vitreous humour
 Retina
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Through the nervous system
Optic Nerve
 Brain (brain stem, cerebellum, cerebrum)
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From the speaker to your brain
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The path of sound:
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Sound which causes the air to vibrate
These vibrations are caught by the auricle and are
concentrated in the auditory canal
The vibrations cause the ear drum to vibrate, which then
starts a chain reaction in the ossicles.
The vibrations make it all the way to the vestibule, where they
travel through liquid
The hairs of the cochlea pick up on these vibrations and
signal the nervous cells that then transfer to the brain the
information via nervous impulse
Pathway of sound stimuli
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Auricle
Auditory canal
Eardrum
Ossicles
Cochlea
Auditory nerve
Brain
Waves
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Sound:
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Mechanical longitudinal wave
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Sound requires a material medium to propagate itself (in
space no one can hear you scream)
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The speed at which sound travels depends on the material
medium
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In air 340 m/s (compared with light 300 000 km/s