Transcript Molecular Biology PowerPoint

1. The difference between plant and animal cells is that animal
cells contain a cell wall and chloroplasts.
2. The main source of energy for our bodies is protein.
3. Fats can be “saturated” or “unsaturated”.
more beneficial to our bodies.
Saturated fats are
4. Cells in our body convert energy (glucose) to energy (ATP)
through the process of photosynthesis.
5. Almost all energy comes originally from sunlight.
Molecular Biology
What is molecular biology?
- Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular
level.
- The field overlaps with other areas of biology, particularly
genetics and biochemistry.
- Molecular biology chiefly concerns itself with
understanding the interactions between the various systems
of a cell.
Is this an animal or plant cell? Explain.
“Cell Structure & Function” 10:36
Plant Cell: How do plant and animal cells differ?
Organelles have specific functions. They need energy!
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Lysosome: contains enzymes that break down nutrients, wastes, bacteria and worn
out cell parts
Ribosome: take information from DNA and use it to make proteins
Vacuole: a membrane-bound sac that plays roles in intracellular digestion and the
storage and release of cellular waste products
Nucleus: a large, oval structure that directs all of the cell’s activities; houses
genetic material
Mitochondria: produce most of the energy/ATP the cell needs to carry out its
functions; where respiration occurs
Golgi Body (apparatus): receives and packages products, including proteins, for
use in the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum: where chemical reactions take place; a system whose
functions include synthesis and transport of lipids and, in regions
where ribosomes are attached, of proteins
Cell Membrane: forms the outside boundary that separates the cell from its
environment; controls what enters and leaves the cell
Cytoplasm: the region between the cell membrane and the nucleus
- Gizmo: “Cell Structure”
Cell Wall: plant; rigid structure that gives the cell shape
- Matching activity
Is it food?
1. Peanuts
2. Water
3. Celery
4. Candy
5. Fruit
6. Whole milk
7. Bread
8. Butter
9. Diet soft drinks
10. Ice
How do cells use food?
1. Is this a plant
or animal cell?
2. How do you
know?
3. What nutrients
are needed by
various
organelles?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=336jnexBg8E Respiration and Photosynthesis 3:05
Cellular Respiration: the set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in
the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate
(ATP), and then release waste products.
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellresp/overview.html on-line review, diagrams, practice
(glucose)
(glucose)
Respiration
- In respiration, complex molecules (food) are broken down into simpler molecules. For
example, during respiration glucose is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water.
- In respiration, energy is produced.
- In respiration, oxygen is absorbed.
- In respiration, carbon dioxide is given out.
- Respiration takes place in plants as well as in animals.
- During respiration, chlorophyll is not required.
Photosynthesis
- In photosynthesis, simple molecules combine to from complex molecules (food). For
example, during photosynthesis carbon dioxide and water combine to fro glucose,
which is a food.
- During photosynthesis, energy from sunlight is absorbed.
- In photosynthesis, oxygen is produced.
- In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is absorbed.
- Photosynthesis can take place only in plants.
- For photosynthesis, the presence of chlorophyll is a must.
Comparison of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
- Food accumulated
- Food broken down
- Energy from sun stored in glucose
- Energy of glucose released
- Carbon dioxide taken in
- Carbon dioxide given off
- Oxygen given off
- Oxygen taken in
- Produces glucose
- Produces CO2 and H20
- Occurs on in presence of light
- Occurs during night and day
- Occurs only in presence of
chlorophyll
- Occurs in all living cells
What “biological compounds do our cells need?
The four major biological compounds are:
• Proteins (key for building body tissues; aim for 10% to 35% of
calories)
• Carbohydrates (fuels our brain and muscles; energy source - aim for
45% to 65% of calories)
• Lipids (contributes essential fatty acids and promotes absorption of
fat-soluble vitamins A,D,E, and K; energy source – aim for 20% to 35%
of calories – mostly unsaturated, but NOT trans fats)
• Nucleic Acids (RNA and DNA)
- Only proteins, carbohydrates and lipids are considered “food”
because they are the only ones in which the body/cells get energy.
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2KENlK0 “Biological Molecules: You are what you eat.” 14:09
What is “food”?
• material or molecules that provide living things with
the nutrients they need for energy and growth
Foods with natural sugars (carbs)
tend to be the healthiest for you.
And Carbohydrates
(simple & complex carbs)
Food provides molecules that serve as fuel and building
material. (see compound PowerPoint)
• What is a molecule? The smallest particle of a
substance that retains the chemical and physical
properties of the substance and is composed of two
or more atoms; a group of like or different atoms
held together by chemical forces.
The compound here is water. It is made up of
oxygen (1 atom) and hydrogen (2 atoms). H O (chemical
2
formula for 1 molecule of water)
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Water is a polar molecule because
it has electrically/oppositely charged areas.
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Water is not considered “food” because
it does not provide the body with energy.
+
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Understanding Nutrient Labels
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
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Serving Size
Serving Size Per Container
Calories
Calories from Fat
Saturated Fat
*Unsaturated Fat
Sodium
Carbohydrates
Protein
HW: Student 10 Item Food Assessment
*Trans fat is a specific type of unsaturated fat formed when liquid
fats are made into solid in a process known as hydrogenation.
Hydrogenation solidifies liquid oils and increases the shelf life
and the flavor stability of oils and foods that contain them. Small
amounts of trans fats are found naturally in animal based foods.
Trans fats are considered unhealthy.
* Not all unsaturated fats are “trans fats”.
What is “protein”?
• One of the three nutrients used as energy sources
(calories) by the body.
• Proteins are essential components of the muscle,
skin, and bones.
• Aim for 10% to 35% of calories
• Proteins and carbohydrates each provide 4 calories
of energy per gram, whereas fats provide 9 calories
per gram.
Sources of Protein
• In your notebook, make a list of the various sources of
protein.
Top 10 Plants High in Protein
#1 asparagus
#5 oats
#8 spinach
#2 pumpkin seeds
#3 cauliflower
#6 beans
#9 broccoli
#4 peanuts
#7 almonds
#10 quinoa
See “Carbohydrates in Foods Lists”
Sources of Carbohydrates
• In your notebook, make a list of the various sources of
carbohydrates.
Simple vs Complex Carbs
Carbohydrates and fats are the main source of energy for your body. Carbs are made up of
sugars, which break down to provide either quick energy or slow-burning, sustained energy over a
period of several hours. "Simple" carbs are quick energy sources, while "complex" carbs provide
longer-lasting energy. In addition to providing physical energy, carbohydrates also effectively fuel
the brain.
What are lipids/fats?
• A biological compound that is not soluble (dissolvable) in water, e.g. a fat.
• Fats are classified as “saturated ” or “unsaturated” .
• Unsaturated fats are more beneficial to our body and are liquid at room
temperature.
• Saturated fats are less beneficial to our bodies and are solid at room temperature.
• “Trans Fats” are a type of unsaturated fat that is not beneficial to our bodies.
•
Lipids/fats have more energy; however, unsaturated fats are healthy.
The Real Story on Fats! 
Are fats good or bad for you?
What do you think?
Unsaturated Fats
VS
Saturated Fats
Unsaturated Fats
See “Fat Comparison Chart”
Saturated Fats
In your notebook, make a list of foods that contain saturated
fats. (solid at room temperature)
Based on this information, what group should most of our food come from?
Simple
Carbohydrates
Complex
Carbohydrates
b
Complex
Carbohydrates
&
Protein
(depends on the vegetable)
(Food & Digestion Program 9:59)
Your Eating Plate… How do you rate? 
Your Name & Period
Simple
Carbohydrates
Complex
Carbohydrates
sugary foods, milk, fruit,
cereals
Pasta, bread, nuts,
beans, grain
S
Proteins
meats, fish, poultry,
some vegetables
Lipids
fried food, butter,
margarine,
oils
What foods are good sources of carbohydrates? fats/lipids?
Some of the things you eat may be classified into more than one category.
Example: peanut crackers = crackers are complex carbs. and peanut butter is protein.
Molecules of Saturated and Unsaturated Fat
http://www.cbsatlanta.com/story/23911850/fda-proposes-banning-trans-fats
Both saturated and unsaturated fats are made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Effects of Long-term Consumption of Saturated Fats
- Eating fatty foods appears to take an
almost immediate toll on both
short-term memory and exercise
performance.
- Studies have suggested that long-term
consumption of a high-fat diet is
associated with weight gain, heart
disease and declines in cognitive
(mental) function.
- New research shows how indulging in
- fatty foods over the course of a few
- days can affect the brain and body long before
the extra pounds show up.
Atherosclerosis is a type of hardening of the arteries in which lipids, particularly
cholesterol, build up on the side arterial walls. Risk factors cigarette smoking, a high
fat/high cholesterol diet, and hypertension.
cholesterol
cholesterol
Atherosclerosis: hardening of the arteries due to a build up of bad (LDL) cholesterol
Progression of Cholesterol Accumulation
Food Analysis Activity … The Big Picture 
In Review
Plants and Food Production
• The three major functions that are basic
to plant growth and development are:
(O2)
(CO2)
(H2O)
• Photosynthesis – The process of
capturing light energy and converting it
to sugar energy (glucose), in the
presence of chlorophyll using carbon
dioxide and water. (releasing O2 and H2O)
• Respiration – The process of
metabolizing (burning) sugars (glucose)
to produce energy for growth,
reproduction, and other life processes.
(releasing H2O and CO2)
• Transpiration – The loss of water vapor
through the stomata of leaves.
“Respiration & Excretion” 9:16
In photosynthesis…
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Plants under go both photosynthesis and cellular
respiration.
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In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide from the air and
water from the soil react with the sun’s energy to
form glucose/carbohydrates, starches, and
proteins. This releases oxygen as a byproduct or
waste product.
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Plants release the chemical energy in glucose
through the process of cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration can be thought of as the
opposite of photosynthesis.
The chemical equation for photosynthesis is:
6CO2 + 6H2O+ light energy g
C6H12O6 + 6O2
The word equation for photosynthesis is:
carbon dioxide + water + light energy produces glucose + oxygen
Respiration in Plants
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In respiration, plants (and animals) convert the sugars back into energy for growth and other
life processes (metabolic processes).
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A simple chemical equation for respiration is given below. Notice that the equation for
respiration is the opposite of that for photosynthesis.
The word equation for aerobic respiration is:
glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy
The chemical equation is:
-
C6H12O6 + 6O2 g 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2900 kj cellular respiration in
animals
Nighttime Battle?
• At night, when photosynthesis can’t take place, plants continue to consume oxygen
but they don’t release any back into the atmosphere.
• The amount of oxygen the plants use at night is trivial.
Food provides molecules that serve as fuel and building material for
all organisms.
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Plants use the energy in light to make sugars (glucose, carbohydrates) out of carbon dioxide
and water through a process called photosynthesis.
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This process transforms light energy from the sun into stored chemical energy. Chemical
energy is transferred from one organism in an ecosystem to another as they interact with
each other for food.
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Minerals and other nutrients from soil are not food
(They don’t provide energy.), but are needed for
plants to make complex molecules from the sugar
they make.
Comparing & Contrasting Photosynthesis and Respiration
Photosynthesis
Respiration
- Produces sugars (glucose) from
-
-
light
energy
Stores energy
Occurs only in cells with
chloroplasts
Releases oxygen
Uses water
Uses carbon dioxide
Requires light
What are the waste products of photosynthesis?
(dissolved O2 demo.)
- Burns sugars (glucose) for
energy
- Releases energy
- Occurs in most cells
- Uses oxygen
- Releases water
- Produces carbon dioxide
- Occurs in darkness and light
What are the waste products of
respiration?
(Yeast Respiration lab)
Transpiration in Plants
- Water in the roots is pulled
through the plant by
transpiration (loss of water
vapor through the stomata
of the leaves).
- Transpiration uses about
90% of the water that
enters the plant. The other
10% is an ingredient in
photosynthesis and cell
growth.
The capillary action of water molecules keep
water moving up the roots and through the plant.
Transpiration
After securing the bag on the plant, water is captured as it travels out the leaves of the
plant..
1. What is the process that leads to transpiration?
2. What are the waste products of photosynthesis?
Metabolism at a Glance
Proteins
Digestion + Respiratory + Circulatory
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Digestive Function
The purpose of your digestive system is to take in food from your environment and break it
down. Through the process of digestion, you break large nutrient molecules into smaller
ones that your intestine absorbs into the bloodstream. Cells then take up these nutrient
molecules and use them to build new molecules and provide for their cellular energy needs.
Cells can also store the molecules for later use.
Respiratory Function
Your respiratory system takes in oxygen from the atmosphere and moves that oxygen into
the bloodstream by allowing it to move across the membranes of the lungs into the blood
vessels.
Circulatory System
The circulatory system then carries oxygen to all the cells in the body and picks up carbon
dioxide waste, which it returns to the lungs. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the
lungs, and you exhale it into the atmosphere.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fxm85Fy4sQ Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Crash Course #27 11:40 min.
What is metabolism?
• Metabolism is the energy (calories) your body needs to function, and it operates
at a different rate for each person.
• This involves a set of chemical reactions that store fuel (food) molecules and
convert them into energy. In order for the body to use the fuel energy stored in
food, the food must first be digested and combined with oxygen (oxidized).
Three factors contribute to the overall metabolic rate of the body.
1. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) accounts for about 60% of all energy used by the body.
2. Daily physical activities account for another 30% of the energy used by the body.
3. 10% of the energy used by the body is used to digest and process (oxidize) food.
What is “chemical energy”?
• Consider the ability of your body to do work.
• The glucose (blood sugar) in your body has
"chemical energy" because the glucose releases
energy when chemically reacting (combusting)
with oxygen.
- Cellular respiration is the process by which the
chemical energy of "food" molecules is released
and partially captured in the form of ATP.
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used as
fuels in cellular respiration
Relationship Between the Respiratory & Circulatory Systems
To burn food for the release of energy stored in it, oxygen must be supplied to cells, and carbon dioxide removed.
What affect does physical activity have on cellular respiration?
• Respiratory System
1. Heart & lungs work together to deliver
oxygen rich blood to all organs, tissues
and cells
• Circulatory System
1. Moves substances processed in the
respiratory system to or from cells where
they are needed or produced
2. Lungs take in oxygen for the combustion
of food and eliminate carbon dioxide as a
waste product.
• Regular exercise is important to maintain a healthy heart/lung system, good muscle
tone, and bone strength.
* Regular exercise and physical activity increases the heart rate providing more oxygen
for the body to use for processing food.
Food is the “fuel” for our bodies. How do animals convert food to
energy?
•
Mitochondria are the converters; they convert the fuel into useable energy.
•
When food is digested, or broken down into its smallest molecules and nutrients, and air is
taken in, the smallest molecules and nutrients cross into the bloodstream. These molecules
and nutrients include things such as glucose (a sugar molecule derived from carbohydrates)
and oxygen.
•
You will consume more fuel than is necessary to make the machine called your body
function. The excess gets stored for later as fat.
•
Just as fire burns oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide and water, mitochondria act like
furnaces when they convert glucose into adenosine triphosphate (ATP): They “burn” (use)
oxygen and give off carbon dioxide and water in a process called respiration. Because the
process uses oxygen, it is said to be aerobic (as in aerobic exercise).
•
This chemical process of respiration occurs in every cell, so it is called aerobic cellular
respiration.
What affect does exercise have on metabolism?
Rank the Exercise 
• Put the following activities in order based on the number
of calories that are burned off. List the activities from
most calories burned (#1) to least calories burned (#10).
- Squash
- Jump Roping
- Rugby
- Boxing
- Running
- Rowing
- Cross Country Skiing
- Biking
- Rock Climbing
- Swimming
(see “Activities and Calories Burned”)
http://cltampa.com/dailyloaf/archives/2010/09/20/is-propylene-glycol-in-food-making-us-fat
Calorie Countdown
Did you know that…
1.
1,750 calories is equivalent to half a pound of body weight.
2.
In theory, if you want to lose half a pound of weight in a week, you’ll
need to cut back or burn up about 250 extra calories per day.
Option A:
Option B:
Option C:
Eat 250 fewer calories.
Burn 250 more calories through physical activity.
Eat 125 fewer calories and burn 125 more calories.
• If you consume more calories than you use, the excess
is stored as fat and weight is gained.
• Weight loss occurs when fewer calories are taken in
than the body needs.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=drs4EQaUkno video of 8,000 cal. breakfast
How do plants take in carbon dioxide (CO2)?
(assessment probe - stomata)
Provide your feedback of the assessment probe.
Matter is transferred among organisms.
• Molecules from food react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and water
in a process called cellular respiration.
• Through the process of cellular respiration, cells convert energy (glucose) to a
usable form of energy (ATP).
• Energy stored in ATP enables cells to grow, develop, repair organisms, locomotion
and transportation of molecules across the cell membrane.
• Some plants (like legumes - i.e. peas) form a relationship with microorganisms. This
happens in their roots, and nodules are formed. These microbes can take nitrogen
from the air (which is about 80% nitrogen) and turn it into ammonia, which is
absorbed by the plant’s root.
• Animals get nitrogen by eating other plants or animals, which contain protein
(which is made of nitrogen and other things). Nitrogen is a component in both
protein and chlorophyll.
Energy Flow & Recycling of Matter
- The atoms that make up organisms in an ecosystem are cycled repeatedly
between the living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) parts of the ecosystem.
- The total amount of matter remains constant, even though its form and location
change. (Law of Conservation of Matter: matter cannot be created or destroyed, it only
changes form)
Matter is constantly moving through
an ecosystem.
Ecosystem Recycling
Natures Way of “Recycling”
ENERGY IN = ENERGY OUT
1.
In order for energy balance to occur, caloric intake equals caloric output.
2.
What happens to food components (protein, fat/lipids,
carbohydrates taken into the body:
They can be used to fuel metabolic activities and physical
They can be incorporated into growing body tissues.
They can be stored as fat.
activities.
10 Activities that Burn Calories
Activity
Calories Burned
(140 lb. woman)
Calories Burned
(175 lb. man)
Dancing – 15 min.
95
120
Gardening – 20 min.
105
130
In-line skating – 20 min.
120
150
Housecleaning – 30 min.
(vacuuming, mopping)
90
110
Softball – 25 min.
120
150
Stair walking – 10 min.
75
90
Fast walking – 15 min.
65
85
Moderate cycling – 20 min.
125
155
Yoga – 15 min.
60
80
Swimming – 20
90
110