Transcript Chordate Comparison2010

Chordate Comparison
What are the characteristics of a
chordate?
•
•
•
•
Dorsal hallow nerve cord
Notochord
Pharyngeal pouches
A tail beyond the anus
Subphylum Urochordata
•
•
•
•
•
•
Tunicates
Filter feeders
Nerve cord
Notochord,pharyngeal pouches
Temporary tail
Gill slits
Subphylum cephalochordata
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lancelets
Nerve cord
Notochord,pharyngeal pouches
Temporary tail
Gills
Closed circulatory system,no true heart
Muscle units
Fishes-jawless-lampreys’ class
•
•
•
•
•
No true teeth or jaws
Fibers and cartilage in skeleton
Lack vertebrae and keep notochords
Filter feeders as larvae and parasitic as adults
Suck up tissues and body fluids
Fishes-jawless-hagfishes’ class
•
•
•
•
No true teeth or jaws
Fibers and cartilage in skeleton
Lack vertebrae and keep notochords
Feed on dead or dying fish with toothed
tongue
• 6 hearts and open circulatory system
Class Chondrichdyes
•
•
•
•
Sharks,rays,and skates
Cartilaginous skeleton
Toothlike scales on skin
May have 1000’s of teeth
Class Osteichthyes
• Bony fish
Organ systems in fish
• Fish may be
herbivores,carnivores,parasites,filter
feeders,detritus eaters
• Esophagus,stomach,pyloric
ceca,liver,pancreas,anus
Organ systems in fish
• Most exchange gases using gills
• Most have a single gill opening
• Lungfish can survive in O2 poor
water
Organ systems in fish-movement
• Alternatly contacting paired sets of muscles
on either side of backbone
• Creates s curve and tail propels forward
• Swim bladder adjusts buoyancy
Organ systems in fish-reproduction
• Eggs fertilized externally or internally
• Oviparous-eggs hatch outside body
• Ovoviviporous-eggs hatch in mothers body-as
in guppies
• Viviporous-embryos stay in mother’s body but
get nourishment from her,instead of from eggexample-sharks
Amphibians-anatomy and info
• Lives in water as larvae and land as
adult
• Moist skin w/glands and lacks scales
and claws
Amphibians-anatomy -digestion
• Tadpoles filter feeders and eat algae/adults
meat eating
• Mouth,esophagus,stomach,small
intestines(food absorption),large
intestine,,cloaca(for urine ,wastes and eggs or
sperm),liver,pancreas,gall bladder
Amphibians-anatomy -respiration
• Larvae-skin and gills/lungs in
adults,usually/salamanders have poor
lungs or none and respire through skin
and mouth
Amphibians-anatomy -circulation
• Double loop-1st loop carries O2 poor blood
from heart to lungs and skin /2nd loop carries
O2 rich blood from heart to body and O2
poor blood back to heart
• 3 chamber heart
Amphibians-anatomy -excretion
• Kidneys to filter wastes from blood
Amphibians-anatomy reproduction
•
•
•
•
sexual
Eggs w/o shells
Laid in water
Larvae are tadpoles
Varieties
• Order urodela-salamanders and newts-long
bodies and tails,usually 4 legs,in woods or
water
• Order anura-frogs or toads
• Order apoda caecillians-legless
Reptiles’ anatomy and info
• Dry,scaly skin,lungs,eggs w/
several membranes
Reptiles’ anatomy -Body
temperature
• Ectothermsexternal
control/environmental
control
Reptiles’ anatomy -feeding
• Herbivores and carnivores…and omnivores
Reptiles’ anatomy -respiration
• Spongier lungs for more gas
exchange
Reptiles’ anatomy -circulation
• 3 chambered heart,except 4 in alligators and
croc’s
• double
Reptiles’ anatomy -excretion
• If water retiles excrete toxic
ammonia
• If land reptiles excrete uric
acid
Reptiles’ anatomyresponse,movement
• Many have sensory
organs in roof of mouth
• Some have strong legs
and some move in a scurve
Reptiles’ anatomy -reproduction
•
•
•
•
Internal fertilization
Lay eggs
Oviparous
Amniotic egg:4 membranesamnion,yolk,chorion,and allantois
Varieties of reptiles
• Order squamata-lizards and snakes
• Order crocodiliains’s also alligators,caimans
and gavials
• Order testudines-turtles(water) and
tortoises(land)-shell built into skeleton-2parts
dorsal –carapace,ventral- plastron
• Order sphenodonta-tuataras-near New
Zealand,resmble lizards but have 3rd eye
Birds-anatomy and info
• Reptilelike but have constant body
temperatures -endotherms- with wings and
feathers made of protein and developes from
pits in bird skin
• Contour feathers and down
• Flight is enabled by pneumatic bones w/ air
sacs
Birds-anatomy-feeding
•
•
•
•
•
Must eat constantly,depending on size
Bills adapted to food getting
Have crop to store food
Gizzards to break down food physically
Esophagus,stomach,intestines,pancreas,liver,
cloaca
Birds-anatomy-respiration
• Most air 1st enters through air sacs in body
cavity and bones,then the lungs through
specialized tubes,flows in a single direction so
always O2 rich-helps maintain high metabolic
rate !!!
Birds-anatomy-circulation
• 4 chambered heart and 2 separate circulatory
loops
• Complete separation of O2 rich and O2 poor
blood
Birds-anatomy-excretion
• Uric acid fecal sacs-whitish
Birds-anatomy-Response
• better developed brain
• Well developed eyes and optic lobe
• Taste and smell usually not well developed
Birds-anatomy-movement
• Some do not fly,but most do
• More rigid skeleton
• Large chest muscles attached to large keel
Birds-anatomy-Reproduction
• Mating by cloacal positioning
• Amniotic eggs but with harder shells
• Archaeopterx-transitional species leading to
birds
• Passerines-largest order—perching birds
• Piciforms arboreal
Mammals
• Have hair and mammary glands
• Breathe air,4-chambered heart,endotherms
Nonplacentals
• Monotremes-egg-laying,have a cloaca
• Platypus,spiny ant eaters
• Marsupials-young develop in external pouch
Placentals
•
•
•
•
Order insectivores--shrews,hedge hogs,moles
Order sirenians-manatees
Order chiropterns-bats
Order rodentia-mice,rats
squirrels,beavers,porcupines,gophers,chimpmunks…
• Order cetaceans-whales and dolphins
• Order perissdactyls--hoofed animals w/ odd #
toes-horses,tapirs,rhinos,zebras
• Orcer carnivores-meat eaters--cats,dogs,foxes
,bears,racoons,walruses-some omnivores
• Artiodactyls-even- toed hoofed-grazing
animals
• Xenathrans-no teeth-anteaters,armadillos
• Primates
• Proboscideans—have trunks Asian and african
elephant
• Lagomorphs-herbivores-hares and rabbits