Transcript The Respiratory System - Brookwood High School

The Respiratory System:
Breath deeply the air of knowledge
Chpt 23
Respiratory System
• Function:
supply body
with oxygen
and dispose
of carbon
dioxide
Requirements
1. pulmonary ventilation (movement of air
into and out of lungs)
2. external respiration (gas exchange
between blood and lungs)
3. transport of respiratory gases (via blood)
4. internal respiration (gas exchange
between blood and cells)
5 Functions of the
Respiratory System
1. Provides extensive gas exchange
surface area between air and circulating
blood
2. Moves air to and from exchange
surfaces of lungs
3. Protects respiratory surfaces from
outside environment
4. Produces sounds-speaking, singing
5. Helps maintain pH
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Figure 23–1
Anatomy: Nose
Functions
• provides airway for
respiration
• moistens and warms
entering air
• filters air
• serves as a resonating
chamber for speech
• houses olfactory
receptors
Mucus
Nasal Structures
a.
b.
c.
External nose: bridge, root, dorsum
nasi, apex, external nares, alae
Nasal cavity: nasal septum, internal
nares (aka posterior nares or
choanae), hard palate, soft palate,
vestibule (with sebaceous and sweat
glands and vibrissae)
Mucous membranes of the nasal
cavity
a.
b.
d.
olfactory mucosa (with smell receptors)
respiratory mucosa- secrete sticky mucus
with antibacterial substances
Conchae- superior, middle, and
inferior; help to trap particles
Sinuses
• Paranasal sinuses
– Frontal
– Sphenoid
– Ethmoid
– Maxillary
• Function to lighten
skull & warm and
moisten the air
The Nasopharynx
a. only an air
passageway
b. during swallowing,
closed off by the
soft palate and
uvula to prevent
food from entering
the nasal cavity
c. pseudostratified
ciliated columnar
d. Pharyngeal tonsil
(adenoids)
The Oropharynx
1. swallowed
food and
inhaled air
2. palatine &
lingual tonsils
3. stratified
squamous
The Laryngopharynx
1. Inferior portion
of the pharynx
2. stratified
squamous
3. where resp.
and dig.
pathways
diverge
Larynx aka voice box
• Functions
– open airway
– switching
mechanism to
route air and
food into proper
channels
– voice production
via vocal cords
Anatomy
Larynx aka voice box
– 9 cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments (8 are
hyaline)
– 9th cartilage is the epiglottis- elastic; closes over trachea
during swallowing
– Vocal folds aka true vocal cords- avascular; vibrate as air
passes through them to produce sound
– Medial opening between vocal folds is the glottis
Anatomy of the Trachea
Figure 23–6
Trachea aka windpipe
10-12 cm long; 2.5 cm diam
• Layers of tracheal
wall (internal to
external)
1. Mucosa- pseudostr.
ciliated columnar
2. submucosa
3. adventitia- with 16-20
rings of C-shaped
hyaline cartilage,
allowing flexibility
Trachea aka windpipe
•
15–20 tracheal cartilages:
–
–
•
Ends of each tracheal cartilage are connected by:
–
•
strengthen and protect airway
discontinuous where trachea contacts esophagus
an elastic ligament and trachealis muscle
The carina (“keel”) marks the point where the
trachea splits into the 2 primary bronchi (approx T7).
The Bronchial Tree
• R and L primary
bronchus
• Secondary (lobar)
bronchi- 3 R, 2 L
• About 20 smaller
branches
• Bronchioles- less
than 1 mm in
diameter
• The Respiratory Zone: thin-walled
alveoli (clustered into the alveolar
sacs) where gas exchange occurs
Lungs
1. apex- narrow, superior tip
2. base- concave, inferior
surface on diaphragm
3. L lung 2 lobes- upper and
lower separated by oblique
fissure
4. R lung 3 lobes- upper,
middle, and lower separated
by the horizontal and oblique
fissures
5. Each lung lobe is divided
into 10 bronchopulmonary
segments
Lung lobes
Relationship between Lungs and
Heart
Figure 23–8
Pleural Cavities and Pleural
Membranes
Figure 23–8
Pleural Cavities and
Pleural Membranes
• 2 pleural cavities:
– are separated by the mediastinum
• Each pleural cavity:
– holds a lung
– is lined with a serous membrane (the pleura)
The Pleura
• Consists of 2 layers:
– parietal pleura
– visceral pleura
• Pleural fluid:
– lubricates space between 2 layers
Pleurae (membrane around the lungs)
Parts of the parietal pleura.
(parietal pleura in blue; visceral pleura in purple)
Grab a copy of the article:
Struggling to Inhale
• ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
• There are 2 different words for croup. List
them and write what they each mean.
• Explain how the virus that causes croup
causes infection.
• What is the treatment for croup?
• What is a cricothyrotomy? Explain how
doctors perform these.
• What type of infection did the older patient
have?