Transcript found in all eukaryotes

TAKS- Living Systems
Cells and organization of living
systems
Organization of living systems
• All matter made of atoms
• Atoms organized into molecules
• Molecules organized into cells (Living things are
made of cells)
• Cells organized into tissues
• Tissues organized into organs
• Organs organized into organ systems
• Organ systems organized into organisms
Two types of cells
• Prokaryotic cellsBacteria ONLY!!!
• Eukaryotic cells-All
other living cells.
Prokaryotic Cells
• Lack nucleus and
most other organelles
(structure within cell –
performs specific
function)
• Include Eubacteria and
Archaebacteria
• Archaebacteria – ancient
bacteria
– true
• Eubacteria
bacteria
• Good bacteria and
pathogenic bacteria
Eukaryotic cells
• Have nucleus and other organelles Ex.
Nuclear Membrane and Mitochondria are
membrane-bound organelles. FYI:
Mitochondria have their own nuclei and can
reproduce like in muscle tissue.
Organelles in Eukaryotic cells
• Nucleus – contains DNA; command center of cell
• Mitochondria – found in all eukaryotes – breaks
down food molecules (i.e. – glucose) to release
energy (cellular respiration) Equation for cellular
respiration: C6 H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O +
ATP
• Ribosomes – where proteins are made
• Endoplasmic reticulum – path along which
molecules move from one part of the cell to
another
• Golgi apparatus – processes and packages
substances produced by the cell
• Lysosome – digests molecules, old organelles, and
foreign substances
• Cilia and flagella – propel cells through the
environment; move materials over cell surface
• Vacuole – storage of water, waste, and/or enzymes
• Microfilaments and microtubules – forms
cytoskeleton of cell for support, movement, and
division of cells
• Chloroplast – found in cells of plants and some
protists – use energy in sunlight to make the sugar
glucose (photosynthesis). Glucose fuels all life’s
processes (plant and animal).
• Cell wall – (plants) supports/protects cell
Plant and Animal cells-Cell
Organelle Game in Student
Packet
Rules:
1. You will work in teams of 4 and place the organelle cut
outs in the appropriate plant and animal cell model. We
will begin in 5 minutes.
2. You will place the organelle in the model(s) and quickly
write the function to the side of your labels in pencil.
3. Each organelle is worth 5 points.
4. Having finished the race have another team verify you
results.
5. Give your total score for each model on your score card.
End of Day 1: Turn in your score
cards for Cell Review.
How cells keep themselves alive
• Maintain stable internal environment homeostasis
Ways to maintain homeostasis
• Passive transport – no
ATP used
– Diffusion
– Osmosis
– Facilitated diffusion
• Carrier proteins
• Ion channels
• Active transport – ATP
used
– Carrier proteins
• Cell membrane pumps
(sodium-potassium)
– Endocytosis
– exocytosis
Interdependence
• In multicellular organisms cells work
together in organs and organ systems to
help one another maintain homeostasis
Organ Systems
• Circulatory – transports oxygen and nutrients to
cells and carries wastes away from cells
• Respiratory – moves oxygen into the body and
carbon dioxide out of the body
• Digestive – breaks down food and absorbs
nutrients
• Nervous – detects changes outside and inside your
body and controls the way your body responds to
these changes
• Skeletal – movement, protection, shape, support,
storage of minerals and produces blood cells
• Muscular – movement, posture, and production of
heat
• Endocrine – produces chemical messengers called
hormones; some hormones help to maintain
homeostasis while others control development and
growth
• Integumentary – forms protective barrier around
body, prevents water loss, controls body
temperature, and gathers information about your
surroundings
• Immune – protects body from infection
• Lymphatic – takes fluid from the spaces
between cells and returns it to the
circulatory system; filters bacteria and other
microorganisms from this fluid
• Reproductive – males – sperm production;
females – eggs
• Excretory – removes wastes from the body
and helps maintain homeostasis