Transcript Chapter 42B - circulatory

Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
Circulatory system
- system of internal transport
Q. What needs to be transported?
- oxygen, RBC’s
- carbon dioxide
- nutrients
- waste products of metabolism
(CO2 to lungs, urea and other waste to kidneys)
- hormones
- body defense substances like antibodies and WBC
- temp. regulation (heat transfer)
Q. When would an organism not need a CS?
When every cell is in contact with the outside world and get
what it needs (nutrients, etc…) and can get rid of waste.
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
Circulatory system
1. must reach EVERY cell
a. capillaries
- tiny blood vessels
- within a few cells of every cell
- Site of diffusion; one cell width in diameter
b. interstitial fluid
- “pond” b/w capillaries and tissue cells
Nutrients and wastes diffusing between
the capillaries (top), interstitial fluid
(blue) and tissue cells (bottom).
Fig. 23.1B
Fig. 23.1A
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
Circulatory system
2. Many animals do not have a true circulatory system
a. Porifera
- Circulation achieved by flagellated collar cells circulating sea water
through the pores up and out through the osculum.
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
Circulatory system
2. Many animals do not have a true circulatory system
a. Cnidaria
Use GV cavity as
“circulatory system”
Fig. 23.2A
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
Circulatory system
2. Many animals do not have a true circulatory system
a. Cnidaria
b. Platyhelminthes (phylum)
Planaria - tiny (3-12mm) freshwater flat worm
Use GV cavity as “circulatory system”
Fig. 23.2A
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
Circulatory system
3. Two basic true circulatory systems have evolved
a. Open circulatory system
Fig. 23.2B
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
Circulatory system
3. Two basic true circulatory systems have evolved
a. Open circulatory system
i. many invertebrates
- mollusks (phylum containing snails, clams, squids etc…)
- arthropods
ii. open ended vessels
iii. blood and interstitial fluid are the same
Fig. 23.2B
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
Circulatory system
3. Two basic true circulatory systems have evolved
a. Open circulatory system
i. many invertebrates
- mollusks (phylum containing snails, clams, squids etc…)
- arthropods
ii. open ended vessels
iii. blood and interstitial fluid are the same – called hemolymph
iv. grasshopper
Hemolymph is moved toward the
abdomen/tail end by rhythmic muscle
contractions and enters the pores of tubular
heart. Pores have a one way valve so
hemolymph cannot flow back into body
cavity, but is forced through open-ended
tubes to maintain circulation when hearts
Fig. 23.2B
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
Circulatory system
3. Two basic true circulatory systems have evolved
a. Open circulatory system
i. many invertebrates
- mollusks (phylum containing snails, clams, squids etc…)
- arthropods
ii. open ended vessels
iii. blood and interstitial fluid are the same – called hemolymph
iv. grasshopper
Reminder, circulatory system NOT used for
transport of gases (O2, CO2) as tracheal
system will do this.
Fig. 23.2B
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
Circulatory system
3. Two basic true circulatory systems have evolved
a. Open circulatory system
i. many invertebrates
- mollusks (phylum containing snails, clams, squids etc…)
- arthropods
ii. open ended vessels
iii. blood and interstitial fluid are the same – called hemolymph
iv. grasshopper
It is much like a fish tank where the
tubular hearts would be like the
filter in that is sucks water from the
tank and puts it back in. The tank
would be the body cavity.
Fig. 23.2B
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
Circulatory system
3. Two basic true circulatory systems have evolved
a. Open circulatory system
i. many invertebrates
- mollusks (phylum containing snails, clams, squids etc…)
- arthropods
ii. open ended vessels
iii. blood and interstitial fluid are the same – called hemolymph
iv. grasshopper
Advantages and Disadvantages
Less efficient as oxygen, nutrients and waste products like
CO2 are constantly mixed in the coelum (body cavity), but
costs less ATP to move fluid due to lower hydrostatic
pressure.
Fig. 23.2B
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
Circulatory system
3. Two basic true circulatory systems have evolved
b. Closed circulatory system (cardiovascular system)
i. Blood confined to vessels
ii. Three types of vessels
- arteries
- veins
- capillaries
iii. Earthworm (Annelida)
- aortic arches “heart”
- dorsal/ventral vessels
- Peristalsis moves blood through vessels in combination with
hearts pumping
Fig. 23.2C
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
Circulatory system
3. Two basic true circulatory systems have evolved
b. Closed circulatory system (cardiovascular system)
i. Blood confined to vessels
ii. Three types of vessels
- arteries
- veins
- capillaries
iii. Earthworm (Annelida)
- aortic arches “heart”
- dorsal/ventral vessels
- Peristalsis moves blood through vessels in combination with
hearts pumping
The dorsal blood vessels are responsible for carrying blood to the front of the earthworm’s body.
The ventral blood vessels are responsible for carrying blood to the back of the earthworm’s body.
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
Circulatory system
3. Two basic true circulatory systems have evolved
b. Closed circulatory system (cardiovascular system)
i. Blood confined to vessels
ii. Three types of vessels
- arteries
- veins
- capillaries
iii. Fish
- two chamber heart
- follow the path of blood
Fig. 23.2C
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
Circulatory system
3. Two basic true circulatory systems have evolved
b. Closed circulatory system (cardiovascular system)
i. Blood confined to vessels
ii. Three types of vessels
- arteries
- veins
- capillaries
iii. Fish
- two chamber heart
- follow the path of blood
Fig. 23.2C
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
Circulatory system
3. Two basic true circulatory systems have evolved
c. Compare the CVS of fish and mammals
i. Fish
- single circuit
- heart sees only oxygen poor blood
- blood helped along by movement
Fig. 23.3
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
Circulatory system
3. Two basic true circulatory systems have evolved
c. Compare the CVS of fish and mammals
Fig. 23.3
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
Circulatory system
3. Two basic true circulatory systems have evolved
c. Compare the CVS of fish and mammals
ii. Mammals (and birds – convergent evo)
- two pumps in one (double circulation)
- 4 chamber heart
- dual circuit (pulmonary and systemic)
- right side O2 poor, left side O2 rich
- Compare flow rate
- Follow flow path
Q. Why do endotherms need
a greater flow rate?
Fig. 23.3
Endotherms use 10X as much energy as
equal size ectotherm – circ system must
deliver 10X as much fuel and O2 and
remove 10X as much waste.
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
Circulatory system
3. Two basic true circulatory systems have evolved
d. Mammals and birds evolved not from fish, but from
reptiles. Hypothesize the number of chambers in a
reptilian heart?
iii. Amphibians and some reptiles
- Have a three chambered heart
(2 atria and one ventricle)
where blood mixes in the
ventricle and is sent to the
pulmonary and systemic
circuits. Less efficient than birds
and mammals.
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
1. Heart
a. Size?
b. location?
c. composition?
- compare walls of atria to
those of ventricles.
d. Explain the purpose of valves
Alternative valve names
Fig. 23.4
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory
System
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human
Circulatory System
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
2. Follow the flow
a. Start at RV
b. RV to R,L pulmonary artery through
semilunar valve
c. R,L PA to lungs
- O2 and CO2 exchange in lung cap.
d. Lungs to LA via pulm. veins
e. LA to LV through AV valve
f. LV to aorta through SL valve
Fig. 23.4
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
2. Follow the flow
a. Start at RV
b. RV to R,L pulmonary artery through
semilunar valve
c. R,L PA to lungs
- O2 and CO2 exchange in lung cap.
d. Lungs to LA via pulm. veins
e. LA to LV through AV valve
f. LV to aorta through SL valve
g. Arteries branch off aorta north
to head and arms
h. Aorta heads south where
arteries branch to abdominal
organs an legs
Fig. 23.4
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
2. Follow the flow
a. Start at RV
b. RV to R,L pulmonary artery through
semilunar valve
c. R,L PA to lungs
- O2 and CO2 exchange in lung cap.
d. Lungs to LA via pulm. veins
e. LA to LV through AV valve
f. LV to aorta through SL valve
g. Arteries branch off aorta north
to head and arms
h. Aorta heads south where
arteries branch to abdominal
organs an legs
Fig. 23.4
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
2. Follow the flow
(exchange O2/CO2/nutrients/etc..)
i. Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillary beds ->
Venules -> Veins
j. Upper body veins drain into superior
vena cava
k. Lower body to inferior vena cava
l. SVC and IFC empty into RA
Fig. 23.4
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
2. Follow the flow
(exchange O2/CO2/nutrients/etc..)
i. Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillary beds ->
Venules -> Veins
j. Upper body veins drain into superior
vena cava
k. Lower body to inferior vena cava
l. SVC and IFC empty into RA
Fig. 23.4
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
2. Follow the flow
(exchange O2/CO2/nutrients/etc..)
i. Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillary beds ->
Venules -> Veins
j. Upper body veins drain into superior
vena cava
k. Lower body to inferior vena cava
l. SVC and IVC empty into RA
m. RA to RV through AV valve
Q. Explain why the wall of the LV is thicker than
that of the RV?
Fig. 23.4
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
3. Structure-function of blood vessels
a. capillaries
i. thin walls
ii. simple squamous wrapped in LCT (loose connective tissue)
iii. smooth inner surface
Fig. 23.5
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
3. Structure-function of blood vessels
a. capillaries
i. thin walls
ii. simple squamous wrapped in LCT
iii. smooth inner surface
b. Arteries and veins
i. thicker walls
- same epithelium
- layer of smooth muscle
- thicker in arteries
Fig. 23.5
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
3. Structure-function of blood vessels
a. capillaries
i. thin walls
ii. simple squamous wrapped in LCT
iii. smooth inner surface
b. Arteries and veins
i. thicker walls
- same epithelium
- layer of smooth muscle
- thicker in arteries
Fig. 23.5
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
3. Structure-function of blood vessels
a. capillaries
i. thin walls
ii. simple squamous wrapped in LCT
iii. smooth inner surface
b. Arteries and veins
i. thicker walls
- same epithelium
- layer of smooth muscle
- thicker in arteries
- outer layer of elastic conn.
tissue
Fig. 23.5
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
3. Structure-function of blood vessels
a. capillaries
i. thin walls
ii. simple squamous wrapped in LCT
iii. smooth inner surface
b. Arteries and veins
i. thicker walls
- same epithelium
- layer of smooth muscle
- thicker in arteries
- outer layer of elastic conn.
tissue
Fig. 23.5
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
3. Structure-function of blood vessels
a. capillaries
i. thin walls
ii. simple squamous wrapped in LCT
iii. smooth inner surface
b. Arteries and veins
i. thicker walls
- same epithelium
- layer of smooth muscle
- thicker in arteries
- Needs to be thicker as they
receive high pressure blood
from the heart.
http://ebsco.smartimagebase.com/generateexhibit.php?ID=14555&TC=&A=1189
Fig. 23.5
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
3. Structure-function of blood vessels
a. capillaries
i. thin walls
ii. simple squamous wrapped in LCT
iii. smooth inner surface
b. Arteries and veins
i. thicker walls
- same epithelium
- layer of smooth muscle
- thicker in arteries
- outer layer of elastic conn.
tissue to recoil after expanding
c. Many veins have valves to maintain unidirectional flow
http://ebsco.smartimagebase.com/generateexhibit.php?ID=14555&TC=&A=1189
Fig. 23.5
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
3. Structure-function of blood vessels
a. capillaries
i. thin walls
ii. simple squamous wrapped in LCT
iii. smooth inner surface
b. Arteries and veins
i. thicker walls
- same epithelium
- layer of smooth muscle
- thicker in arteries
- outer layer of elastic conn.
tissue
c. Many veins have valves
http://ebsco.smartimagebase.com/generateexhibit.php?ID=14555&TC=&A=1189
Fig. 23.9B
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
3. Structure-function of blood vessels
a. capillaries
i. thin walls
ii. simple squamous wrapped in LCT
iii. smooth inner surface
b. Arteries and veins
i. thicker walls
- same epithelium
- layer of smooth muscle
- thicker in arteries
- outer layer of elastic conn.
tissue
c. Many veins have valves
http://ebsco.smartimagebase.com/generateexhibit.php?ID=14555&TC=&A=1189
Fig. 23.5
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
4. Rhythmic Heart Contraction
a. Cardiac cycle
i Complete sequence of filling and
pumping heart
ii. Two phases
- diastolic
- heart at rest
- AV valves open
- SL valves closed
- all chambers fill with blood
http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/pharm/hyper_heart1.html
Fig. 23.6
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/pharm/hyper_heart1.html
The Human Circulatory System
Fig. 23.6
4. Rhythmic Heart Contraction
a. Cardiac cycle
i Complete sequence of filling and
pumping heart
ii. Two phases
- systolic
- atria contract
“dub”
- ventricles fill-up
- ventricles contract
- AV valves slam shut (“lub”)
- SL valves open
- blood enters atria
“lub”
- SL valves close (“dub”)
b. Heart murmur - Occurs when a valve leaks a bit, you can hear a faint ”swish” with a
stethoscope.
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
5. Keeping the Rhythm
a. Sinoatrial node (SA) node
- heart’s natural pacemaker
- generates an electrical signal
- travels through atria to AV node
- Called Perkinje fibers
Fig. 23.7
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
5. Keeping the Rhythm
b. Atrioventricular (AV) node
- .1 sec delay after receiving signal
- sends new electrical signal to ventricles
- ventricles contract
Fig. 23.7
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
5. Keeping the Rhythm
* Conclusion: heart will beat at an extrinisic rate of 60-100 beats per
minute if removed from body all by itself (Indiana Jones and the temple
of doom), typically faster than normal. The brain has control over the rate
at which it beats….next slide
Fig. 23.7
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
5. Keeping the Rhythm
Vagus nerve (X – 10th – cranial nerve)
Innervates the SA node and send signals to slow it down
Sympathetic cardiac nerve (spinal nerves)
Innervates the SA node and send signals to speed up
Hormones
Ex. Andrenaline (epinephrine)
- Speed up SA node
Fig. 23.7
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
5. Keeping the Rhythm
The 12 cranial nerves
Fig. 23.7
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
5. Keeping the Rhythm
b. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- electrical signal of heart generates
electrical signal in skin
Fig. 23.7
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
5. Keeping the Rhythm
b. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- electrical signal of heart generates
electrical signal in skin
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
6. Failure of the heart’s pacemaker
a. Artificial pacemaker
- tiny electronic device inserted near
AV node to control heart rate
Chapter 21: Nutrition and Digestion
AIM: How do animals obtain nutrition?
Milestone Questions
1. Compare an open to a closed circulatory system.
2. How is the circulatory system of fish different than mammals and birds?
3. Blood returning to the mammalian heart from the pulmonary vein will
drain first into…
4. Why do we call certain vessels arteries and others veins?
5. Blood draining into the aorta was just in the…
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
7. Cardiovascular Disease
Atherosclerosis
a. Chronic CV disease
- plaques develop on inner walls of
arteries due to diet/genetics
blocking blood flow
- These are also sites of irregular blood clot formation that can lead to a
thromboembolism of the heart (heart attack) or brain (stroke).
-Thrombo = blood clot
-Embolism = lodging of a traveling mass (embolus) in a blood vessel
- A blood clots that form elsewhere in the CV system and breaks off, getting
trapped in small vessels (thromboembolism)
b. Leading cause of heart
attack and stroke
Fig. 23.8B
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
7. Cardiovascular Disease
Atherosclerosis
a. Chronic CV disease
Naturally selected under condition
of vitamin C deficiency?
Fig. 23.8B
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
7. Cardiovascular Disease
Heart Attack (myocardial infarction)
a. Coronary arteries
- blockage
- 1/3rd people die immediately
- survivors have impaired
ability to pump blood; cardiac
muscle does not regenerate
well and is replaced with
inelastic scar tissue.
- leading cause of
death in US
http://www.healthcentral.com/cholesterol/understanding-cholesterol-13-115.html
Fig. 23.8A
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
7. Cardiovascular Disease
Stroke
a. Rapid loss of brain function
- caused by disturbance in blood vessels in brain – either a
blockage or a burst.
Aneurysm – swelling of a blood vessel caused
by weakening of the vessel walls. The larger
the aneurysm the more likely it will burst.
- Neurons being serviced by this
vessel die; neurons do not
regenerate.
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
7. Cardiovascular Disease
Atherosclerosis
c. Treatment
- drugs to lower cholesterol (LDL;
low density lipoprotein) levels in
bloods
Ex. Statins
- Class of drugs that inhibit
HMG-CoA reductase
In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, began the
search for a cholesterol-lowering drug. Research had already shown that cholesterol is mostly
manufactured by the body in the liver, using an enzyme known as HMG-CoA reductase.[4] Endo and his
team reasoned that certain microorganisms may produce inhibitors of the enzyme to defend themselves
against other organisms, as mevalonate is a precursor of many substances required by organisms for the
maintenance of their cell wall (ergosterol) or cytoskeleton (isoprenoids).[46] The first agent they identified
was mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum.
Lovastatin
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
7. Cardiovascular Disease
Atherosclerosis
c. Treatment
Invasive (surgical) solution:
angioplasty
Insert a device containing a
balloon on the end and inflate
the balloon thereby pushing the
plaque out of the way.
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
7. Cardiovascular Disease
Atherosclerosis
c. Treatment
Invasive (surgical) solution:
- angioplasty
- stenting
Perform the angioplasty with an
expandable mesh that will be left
in place to hold the vessel open
and keep the plaque out of the
way.
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
7. Cardiovascular Disease
Atherosclerosis
c. Treatment
Invasive (surgical) solution:
- angioplasty
- stenting
- coronary bypass
Run a vein from the leg between
aorta or some other local artery
to a point past the blockage
assuring blood flow to the
downstream region.
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
7. Cardiovascular Disease
Atherosclerosis
c. Treatment
What about diet?
Not so successful as we can synthesize
cholesterol as shown and therefore our
body maintains its programmed
homeostatic level.
Vitamin C?
Linus Pauling thought so….
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
8. Blood Pressure
a. Force exerted on walls of blood vessels
- keeps blood moving through system –
heart pumps blood into arteries and
arteries will swell and rebound aiding in
the movement of the blood.
- pulse
b. Two different pressures
- systolic pressure
- diastolic pressure
c. What determines blood pressure?
- cardiac output
- resistance to blood flow imposed by
narrow opening of arterioles
- friction in capillaries
- Clogged arteries
Fig. 23.9A
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
9. Measuring Blood Pressure
a. Measure pressure on arterial walls
b. Average “normal” blood pressure
120/80 (in mmHg)
What do these numbers mean?
Blood pressure is measured with a
sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope.
When the cuff is inflated, it will cut off blood
flow to the arm as shown.
Sphygmomanometer – blood pressure
cuff used to measure blood pressure
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
9. Measuring Blood Pressure
a. Measure pressure on arterial walls
b. Average “normal” blood pressure
120/80
What do these numbers mean?
The medical worker will slowly
decrease the pressure in the
cuff…
Fig. 23.9A
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
9. Measuring Blood Pressure
a. Measure pressure on arterial walls
b. Average “normal” blood pressure
120/80
What do these numbers mean?
When the pressure in the cuff falls
below the pressure exerted by the
heart on the arteries when it
pumps, blood will move past the
cuff and be heard. This is the
systolic pressure as it is the
pressure exerted during the
systolic (pumping) phase of the
cardiac cycle = 120mm Hg in this
case.
Fig. 23.9A
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
9. Measuring Blood Pressure
a. Measure pressure on arterial walls
b. Average “normal” blood pressure
120/80
What do these numbers mean?
Nothing is heard when the heart
is not beating (diastolic phase
of the cardiac cycle) since the
pressure in the arteries is lower.
Therefore it is only heard when
the heart beats at this time.
Fig. 23.9A
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
9. Measuring Blood Pressure
a. Measure pressure on arterial walls
b. Average “normal” blood pressure
120/80
What do these numbers mean?
The pressure in the cuff
will be lowered even
further until blood flow is
no longer heard
indicating a smooth,
continuous flow of blood
= the diastolic or resting
pressure (80mm Hg in
this case).
Fig. 23.9A
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
9. Measuring Blood Pressure
a. Measure pressure on arterial walls
b. Average “normal” blood pressure
What do these numbers mean?
120/80
Top number is systolic
pressure.
Bottom number is
diastolic pressure.
Fig. 23.9A
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
9. Measuring Blood Pressure
c. Hypertension
i. High blood pressure
- persistent systolic pressure > 140
and/or
- diastolic pressure > 90
ii. Affects 25% of population
iii. “silent killer”
- weakens heart and blood vessels
- heart failure, heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, vision loss
- promotes plaque formation
iv. Risk factors
- age, race, family history, excess weight, inactivity, Tobacco use,
excessive alcohol, stress, sleep apnea, etc…
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
9. Measuring Blood Pressure
c. Hypertension
v. How can we control hypertension?
- diet
- exercise
- avoid excess alcohol
- avoid smoking
- Medication to lower the pressure
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
9. Measuring Blood Pressure
c. Hypertension
Renin-Angiotensin-aldosterone system
Regulates blood pressure
and water (fluid) balance
in the body.
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
9. Measuring Blood Pressure
c. Hypertension
Antihypertensive drugs
1. Diuretics
2. Adrenergic Receptor inhibitors
1. Beta blockers and alpha blockers
3. Calcium channel blockers
4. Renin inhibitors
5. ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors
6. Angiotensin II receptor inhibitors
7. Aldosterone receptor inhibitors
8. Vasodilators
9. Alpha-2 agonists
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
10. How does our body regulate
blood pressure and blood
distribution?
a. Constrict smooth muscles in arterioles
leading to capillaries (vasoconstriction)
b. Constrict smooth muscles within
capillary beds
Predict what would happen in blood
capillary beds of the digestive tract
before and after eating.
Fig. 23.11
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
10. How does our body regulate
blood pressure and blood
distribution?
a. Constrict smooth muscles in arterioles
leading to capillaries (vasoconstriction)
b. Constrict smooth muscles within
capillary beds
After eating, the sphincter muscles
leading to the capillaries of the jejunum
would relax allowing maximum blood
to enter the jejunum so as to pick up the
maximum amount of nutrients.
Fig. 23.11
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
11. How are substances transferred through capillary walls?
a. Simple or Facilitated Diffusion
through membranes
- Small solutes (O2, CO2,
monomers, etc…)
b. Endocytosis/Exocytosis
- larger substances –
endocytose on inside and
exocytose to interstitial fluid
Fig. 23.12A
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
11. How are substances transferred through capillary walls?
c. Leakage – capillaries are leaking as the cells they are made of are not tightly
attached to each other. Therefore, substances smaller than cells can diffuse
(passive) out of the blood directly into the interstitial fluid without going through
a cell. Also, the pressure exerted by the heart/arteries recoiling can push
(active) these substances out between the cells as well.
Fig. 23.12B
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
12. What exactly is…blood?
a. How much blood in an average human? 4 to 6 L (1 to 1.5 gallons)
b. Two main components
Fig. 23.12B
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
12. What exactly is…blood?
a. How much blood in an average human? 4 to 6 L (1 to 1.5 gallons)
b. Two main components
90%
Fig. 23.12B
albumin
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
12. What exactly is…blood?
a. How much blood in an average human? 4 to 6 L (1 to 1.5 gallons)
b. Two main components
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
13. Structure-function of the Red Blood Cell (RBC)
a. RBC = erythrocytes (Gr erythros, red)
b. 25 to 50 billion in blood
c. Describe their shape (structure)?
- small biconcave disks
- no nuclei
- no mitochondria ???
d. How does this structure fit its function?
- large surface area for O2 diffusion
- pack 250 million hemoglobins per cell, no nucleus to
take up space, no mitochondria to use up oxygen being
carried. These cells have no reason to divide or make
new protein. This is all being done in the bone marrow.
Fig. 23.14
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
13. Structure-function of the Red Blood Cell (RBC)
e. Site of production?
i. Bone marrow of large bones
pelvis, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, ends of upper
humerus and femur
ii. How RBC production is regulated
- erythropoietin (EPO)
EPO is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by
the kidneys when blood oxygen levels are
low, which signals hematopoetic stems cells
in the bone marrow to undergo mitosis and
make more RBC’s
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
13. Structure-function of the Red Blood Cell (RBC)
e. Site of production?
i. Bone marrow of large bones
pelvis, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, ends of upper
humerus and femur
ii. Predict how RBC production is regulated
- erythropoietin (EPO)
EPO is used as an illegal “performance-enhancing drug”.
The athlete will have more RBC’s circulating and will therefore
carry more oxygen to muscle cells for cell respiration thereby
generating more ATP – dangerous as blood thickens and can
cause heart failure and death.
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
13. Structure-function of the Red Blood Cell (RBC)
f. Life span of an RBC
i. 120 days (3-4 months)
ii. Broken down and recycled by spleen and liver – only the
heme is discarded as bilirubin – secreted with bile by the
liver (the iron/amino acids are saved and recycled)
iii. At what rate are they dying and being replaced?
~2,000,000 per second
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
13. Structure-function of the Red Blood Cell (RBC)
g. anemia
i. A qualitative or quantitative deficiency of hemoglobin
- reduced oxygen carrying capacity
ii. SOME Causes
- excessive blood loss
- sickle cell anemia (genetic)
- Vitamin/mineral deficiency
1. pernicious anemia
- Caused by an impaired absorption of vitamin B-12 by
intestines, which is needed to make thymine
(nitrogenous base of DNA nucleotides).
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
13. Structure-function of the Red Blood Cell (RBC)
g. anemia
i. A qualitative or quantitative deficiency of hemoglobin
- reduced oxygen carrying capacity
ii. SOME Causes
- excessive blood loss
- sickle cell anemia (genetic)
- Vitamin/mineral deficiency
- pernicious anemia
- impaired absorption of vitamin B-12 by intestines
- therefore DNA replication is inhibited resulting in
the inhibition of mitosis resulting in fewer, larger
RBC’s made
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
13. Structure-function of the Red Blood Cell (RBC)
g. anemia
i. A qualitative or quantitative deficiency of hemoglobin
- reduced oxygen carrying capacity
ii. SOME Causes
- excessive blood loss
- sickle cell anemia (genetic)
- Vitamin/mineral deficiency
1. pernicious anemia
- impaired absorption of vitamin B-12 by intestines
- needed for thymine biosynthesis No iron, no carrying
2. iron deficiency (most common cause)
O2 by hemoglobin
- especially women due to blood loss during menstration
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
14. What about those White Blood Cells (WBC’s)?
a. White blood cell = leukocyte (Gr leukos, white)
i. Help defend the body
- fight infections (pathogens)
- prevent cancer
ii. Five major types
Function of each will be
discussed with the immune
system. Just now the types for
now.
B and T cells
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
14. What about those White Blood Cells (WBC’s)?
a. White blood cell = leukocyte (Gr leukos, white)
i. Help defend the body
- fight infections (pathogens)
- prevent cancer
ii. Five major types
iii. Where would you predict they spend most of their time?
- interstitial fluid
- lymphatic tissue
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
The Lymph System
12. What about those White Blood Cells (WBC’s)?
Substances like water, salts, etc… that
a. White blood cell = leukocyte (Gr leukos, white)
diffuse or are pushed out at the
capillary beds need to reenter the blood
i. Help defend the body
stream. This is accomplished by the
- fight infections (pathogens)
lymphatic system.
- prevent cancer
ii. Five major types
iii. Where would you predict they spend most of their time?
- interstitial fluid
- lymphatic tissue
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
The Lymph System
12. What about those White Blood Cells (WBC’s)?
The fluid entering the lymphatic system is
a. White blood cell = leukocyte (Gr leukos, white)
now called lymph and will enter at
lymphatic capillaries. On its way back to
i. Help defend the body
the blood stream it will pass through
- fight infections (pathogens)
lymph nodes that contain lots of WBCs,
- prevent cancer
which will destroy any foreign items in the
lymph like bacteria and viruses. The
ii. Five major types
iii. Where would you predict they
- interstitial fluid
- lymphatic tissue
lymph will enter back into the circulatory
vena
cava.
spendsystem
most at
of the
their
time?
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Lymph System
Know the various lymph system organs.
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
14. What about those White Blood Cells (WBC’s)?
a. White blood cell = leukocyte (Gr leukos, white)
i. Help defend the body
- fight infections (pathogens)
- prevent cancer
ii. Five major types (already discussed)
iii. Where would you predict they spend most of their time?
- interstitial fluid in tissues
- lymphatic tissue
iv. Predict where white blood cells are produced...
- Same place as the RBC’s…bone marrow – all blood cells are
made in the bone marrow.
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
15. What happens when you bust a blood vessel?
a. Blood clotting (coagulation)
1. Vessel gets damaged.
2. Damaged cells release
chemicals that make platelets
“sticky”
3. Platelets will stick to damaged
site serving as the initial “plug”,
but this is not enough.
Fig. 23.16
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
15. What happens when you bust a blood vessel?
a. Blood clotting (coagulation)
4. Stuck Platelets and damaged
cells will release a protein called
tissue factor or factor III (it’s a
kinase), which can start what is
known as the coagulation
cascade…
Tissue factor
Fig. 23.16
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
15. What happens when you bust a blood vessel?
a. Blood clotting (coagulation or thrombosis)
5. Coagulation cascade
There are many proteins already
in your blood in an inactive form
that are involved in forming blood
clots…tissue factor will do what?
It will begin their activation (next
slide) - phosphorylation
Clotting needs to be fast, you can’t wait for the proteins to be
made/secreted, and they obviously need to be inactive
(proenzymes) until needed…
Fig. 23.16
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
15. What happens when you bust a blood vessel?
5. Coagulation cascade
The coagulation cascade is shown
to the right (do not memorize), just
understand the concept.
Each protein is typically called a “factor”
with a roman numeral after it like Factor
XII or Factor XI.
The activated form typically has an “a”
after it like Factor XIIa means activated
Factor XII.
Hirudin (secreted by leeches – hirudinae) inhibits thrombin
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
15. What happens when you bust a blood vessel?
5. Coagulation cascade
Now look at where it says trauma, lets
follow this pathway:
1. Trauma (vessel damage) will result in the
activation of Factor VII to VIIa
2. Factor VIIa will bind with tissue factor
(released from damaged cell and platelets) to
activate Factor X to Xa
3. Factor Xa will activate the protein
prothrombin to thrombin.
4.Thrombin will activate fibrinogen to fibrin
5. Fibrin is a fibrous, web-like protein that will
stick to the platelets like spiderman’s web and
lock them in place
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
15. What happens when you bust a blood vessel?
a. Blood clotting (coagulation)
iv. Cofactors needed for clotting
factors to function properly
- Ca++
- Vitamin K (made by intestinal bacteria)
Fig. 23.16
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
15. What happens when you bust a blood vessel?
b. Hemophilia
i. group of genetic disorders that impair body's ability to control
blood clotting.
- Hemophilia A
- most common form
- lack of Factor VIII
- Hemophilia B
- lack of Factor IX
- Hemophilia C
- lack of Factor XI
Why is hemophilia more common in males?
- Sex-linked, genes for factors are on the
X chromosome
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
15. What happens when you bust a blood vessel?
c. Thrombosis
i. Formation of a thrombus (blood clot) within a blood vessel.
-Causes
* The composition of the blood (hypercoagulability)
* Quality of the vessel wall (endothelial cell injury)
* Nature of the blood flow
- obstructs blood flow
- Thromboembolism
Thrombus = blood clot
Embolism = when an object migrates from one part of body
and causes blockage of a blood vessel in another part.
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
16. Leukemia
a. Cancer of white blood cells
b. Occurs in bone marrow
i. displaces normal bone marrow cells
- reduced RBC’s and platelets
- anemia and impaired clotting
- normal WBC’s suppressed or dysfunctional
- suppressed immune system
c. Fatal if not treated
i. Radiation and chemotherapy
ii. Bone marrow transplant
iii. Stem cell treatment
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
17. Fetal Blood Flow
a. Maternal blood supplies fetus with nutrients and O2 and takes away
fetal waste. This happens by diffusion through the placenta.
b. Compare hemoglobin in the fetus to hemoglobin in the mother.
Recall that hemoglobin is an example of
quartanary structure, and is composed
of four polypeptide chains: 2 α and 2 β
in us, and 2 α and 2 δ in a fetus.
Why would a fetus need a different form of hemoglobin than the mother?
It is all about affinity for oxygen. Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity. If it didn’t, the oxygen would
not move from mom to fetus. The fetus also has 50% more hemoglobin in its blood. The delta (δ)
gene is turned off in you and I, while the β gene is turned on.
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
17. Fetal Blood Flow
c. Fetal circulation
- Umbilical vein (because it
is moving towards the heart)
is carrying oxygen/nutrient
rich blood to the fetus.
- Follow the blood flow in
the diagram:
1. Umbilical vein
2. Through liver to inferior
vena cava
3. To right atrium of heart
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
17. Fetal Blood Flow
c. Fetal circulation
- The fetal heart has a hole (foramen ovale)
between the atria…why?
- Normally, the blood goes from RA to
RV and to lungs, but fetal lungs are nonfunctional and do not need as much
blood.
- Much of the blood flows into the LA,
bypassing the lungs so that it can get to
the cells in the rest of the body more
quickly and efficiently!!
- The foramen ovale closes up at birth.
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
17. Fetal Blood Flow
c. Ductus Arteriosus
- A small shunt (passageway)
connecting the pulmonary artery
to the aorta further splitting the
oxygenated blood from the
placenta to both the body and
lungs.
Chapter 23: Circulation
NEW: How have different organisms evolved to perform
circulation?
The Human Circulatory System
17. Fetal Blood Flow
Review
1. Fetal hemoglobin
2. Foramen Ovale
3. Ductus Arteriosus
Chapter 21: Nutrition and Digestion
AIM: How do animals obtain nutrition?
Milestone Questions
1. What does a blood pressure of 120/80 mean?
2. Identify one surgical treatment of artherosclerosis.
3. What is the function of have a hole (foramen ovale) between atria in an
infant heart?
4. Identify the three major cellular components of blood.
5. The Renin-Angiotensin-aldosterone system is involved in regulating…