Transcript Respiratory System

Respiratory System
By Abigail Camba
Paulin Slear
Sokmany Soeum
Functions
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Movement of air into & out of the lungs
Gas exchange between the blood & the air in the lungs
Gas transport in blood between the lungs & the body cells
Gas exchange between the blood & the cells
Structures of the System
Nose
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Part of the face centered
about the mouth, in and
below space between
eyes
Has two nostrils that are
openings where air can
enter and leave the nasal
cavity
Has many internal hairs
for protection (filtration
of incoming hair)
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Hollow space between
behind the nose
The nasal septum
divides the nasal cavity
to a left and right
portion
Nasal conchae are
bones that create walls,
making the cavities
into passageways
Nasal Cavity
Paranasal Sinuses
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Air filled spaces
located within the
maxillary, frontal,
ethmoid, and sphenoid
bones of the skull
Reduces weight of
skull
Resonant chambers
that effect quality of
voice
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Located behind the oral
cavity, the nasal cavity
and the larynx
Passageway for food
and air passing
Produce sounds of
speech
Pharynx (aka Throat)
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Passageway for air
Auditory tubes
Nasopharynx
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Passageway for food
Posterior to soft palate
Inferior to nasopharynx
Oropharynx
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Passage to esophagus
Inferior to oropharynx
Larypharynx
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Located at the top of
the trachea & below the
pharynx
Contains air in & out
of the trachea
Prevents foreign objects
from entering
Houses vocal cords
Larynx
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Extends downward
anterior to the
esophagus and into the
thoracic cavity
Flexible tube that
connects larynx with
bronchial tree
Passageway for air as
well as filters it
Contains 20 C-shaped
pieces of hyaline
cartilage
Trachea
(aka windpipe)
Bronchial Tree
Bronchial tree
left/right primary bronchi
bronchi
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli
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Branched tubes that
lead from the trachea to
alveoli
Alveoli are large
surface areas where gas
can be exchanged
Structure is similar to
the trachea
secondary
alveolar
Lungs
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Soft, cone-shaped
organs that occupy a
large portion of the
thoracic cavity
Right lung is larger
than the left
Contains air
passageways, alveoli,
blood vessels,
connective tissues,
lymphatic vessels and
nerves of the lower
respiratory system
Pleural wall
Breathing Mechanism
(aka ventilation)
Movement of air from outside of the body
into and out of the bronchial tree and alveoli
Inspiration
Expiration
Inspiration
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Atmospheric pressure is the force that moves
air into lungs
Occurs when pressure inside alveoli decreases
Diaphragm contracts and rises as air comes
into lungs
Pleural membranes play a role in expansion of
lungs
Expiration
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Force comes from elastic recoil of tissues and surface
tension
Abdominal organs return to original shape
Decreases diameters of alveolar
Respiratory Air Volumes and
Capacities
Spirometry measures air volumes of different intensities in breathing
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Respiratory cycle = 1 inspiration + 1 expiration
4 distinct respiratory volumes :
- Tidal/ Resting tidal volume
-Inspiratory reserve volume
-Expiratory reserve volume
-Residual volume
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Tidal Volume/Resting
Enters/leaves 1
respiratory cycle
500ml of air (normal)
Residual Volume
Air in lungs after
exhales the tidal
volume
Prevents fluctuation
1,200ml of air
Volumes
Inspiratory/ expiratory
Volume
 Volume of air
inhaled/exhaled in
addition to tidal/resting
 3,000ml of air (I)
 1,100ml of air (E)
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Vital capacity
Combination of
inspiratory reserve
volume, tidal volume
and expiration volume
Maximum amount of
breathe exhaled
4,600ml of air
Capacities
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Inspiratory capacity
Tidal volume plus
inspiratory reserve
volume
Maximum amount of
air inhaled
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Functional residual
capacity
Expiratory reserve
volume and residual
volume
Amount of air
remaining in lungs
2,300ml of air
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Total Lung Capacity
Vital capacity and the
residual volume
together
(about 5,800ml)
Varies in age, sex, and
body size
Capacities (continued)
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Controls breathing depth and rate
Group of neurons scattered in pons and medulla
Pons: pneunmotaxic area
Medulla: rhythmicity area
Respiratory Center
Pons
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Pneumotaxic area
Control breathing rate
Strong = bursts short,
breathing increase
Weak= long bursts,
breathing rate decrease
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Dorsal respiration
group: control rhythm
Signal diaphragm and
other muscles
Increase volume of air
entering
Medulla
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Ventral respiratory
group: increase
inspiratory movement
Alveolar Gas Exchanges
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Microscopic air sacs clustered at the distal ends of
alveolar ducts
Respiratory membrane consists of alveolar and
capillary walls
Blood and alveolar air exchange gases across
membrane
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Diffuses from regions
of higher blood
pressure
21% Oxygen, 78%
Nitrogen ,0.04%
Carbon Dioxide,
0.996% other
Oxygen diffuses from
alveolar air into blood
Carbon dioxide
diffuses from blood
into alveolar air
Partial pressure of a gas is proportional
to the concentration of gas in a mixture
or the concentration dissolved in a
liquid
Diffusion across membrane
Oxygen transport
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Gas enters as a liquid
Blood transports O2 and CO2 between the lungs and
cells
Gases enter in blood (98% hemoglobin, 2% plasma)
Oxyhemoglobin is form when blood and iron atoms
combine
Carbon dioxide transport
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CO2 transport to lungs in 3 ways:
dissolved in plasma (7%),
compound with hemoglobin (23%)
and a bicarbonate ion (70%)
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Determined by partial
pressure
Amount of Pco2 in the
tissues = more Co2
Plasma
Hemoglobin
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CO2 combines with
amino group (-NH2)
for protein
CO2 loosely bonds
with
carbaminohemoglobin
but forms slowly (most
effective)
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CO2 reacts with H2O
Has carbonic anhydrase that speeds up the
process
Creates carbonic acid
Biocarbonate ions
Factors Affecting Breathing
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Chemicals
Stretching of lung
tissues
Emotional states
Chemosensitive areas
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Sense changes in the
cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF) concentrations of
CO2 and hydrogen
ions
Stimulation of these
receptors increases
breathing rate
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Sense change in low
blood concentrations
Located in walls of
arteries in the neck and
thorax
Oxygen plays small
role
Peripheral
chemoreceptors
Inflation reflex
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Occurs when lung
tissue stretches
Shortens duration of
inspiration breathing
Prevents overinflation
of lungs when forceful
breathing
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Increase breathing rate
Voluntarily stop
breathing
Hyperventilation,
resulting in fainting
Emotional factors
Diseases in the Respiratory
System
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Asthma
Lung disease that
inflames and narrows
the airways
Over 25mil people have
it in the U.S., 7mil are
children
No cure, but treatments
are available (such as
inhaler)
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Bronchitis
Inflammation of
bronchial tubes
Usually caused to
sickness (viruses) or
smoking
Take medications:
antibiotics, cough or
medicine
Works cited
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/asthma/
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseasesconditions/bronchitis/basics/definition/con-20014956
http://www.walgreens.com/marketing/library/contents.html?docid=0010
87&doctype=1
http://vectorblog.org/2013/12/the-obesity-asthma-connection-a-link-inthe-innate-immune-system/