Transcript Digestion and Respiration - mics-bio2

Some overview and connections
• What are three functions of the circulatory
system and how are each related to the
digestive or respiratory systems?
2. Helps maintain homeostasis:
a. by transportation - of nutrients and
wastes
b. by protection - by white blood cells and
antibodies
c. by regulation - body temperature and pH
Health indicators
What components from blood are
only obtained from the resp. system?
The digestive system?
• Iron-containing foods important for blood
cell formation. – what portion of the
hemoglobin is reused in the bone marrow?
• Oxygen from the lungs
• Waters and other nutrients (fats, sugars,
amino acid)
Other random- related facts
Your body weight:
8% is blood – circulatory system !
15% bone - skeletal
15% fat - digestion/nutrition/chemistry
45% muscle - muscular
17% skin, connective tissues, etc. - other
How does resp. and dig systems
relate to the functions of WBCs?
• Infections are often introduced by air
(airborne) or food and water
(foodborne/waterborne).
• What are the ways WBCs protect us?
What about capillary beds?
• What about RBCs?
Respiration and
Digestion
An Overview with
ANATOMY
Physiology Overview
Respiratory System
I. Introduction
A. Respiration - the
exchange of gases. Oxygen
and Carbon Dioxide.
B. Pulmonary
ventilation - movement of
air between lungs and the
outside
C. External respiration exchange of gas between
lungs and the blood
D. Internal respiration exchange of gas between
blood and the cells
E. Cellular respiration metabolic process using
Oxygen in the cells (not
exchange of gas)
II. Anatomy
A. Upper Respiratory Tract
1. Nose
a. external nares =
nostrils - separated by a
nasal septum
b. vestibule (entrance
chamber) = posterior to
nostril - separated by a
nasal septum
c. nasal cavity also
separated by septum
http://content.answers.com/main/content/
img/elsevier/dental/f0098-01.jpg
1) nasal conchae =
3 bony projections
forming narrower
passages and thereby
increasing surface area.
http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2007/08/01/health/adam/9657.jpg
2) lining mucous membrane with
cilia and many blood
vessels
3) paranasal
sinuses - connect to nasal
cavity
2. Pharynx
a. nasopharynx - from
nasal cavity (through internal
nares) to oropharynx-eustacian tubes connected
b. oropharynx
c. laryngopharynx below the level of the tongue
http://www.tiplit.com/images/organ/pharynx.jpg
3. Larynx "voice box" connects pharynx with
the tracheal
a. cartilagenous
boxlike structure
b. glottis - opening into
the larynx
c. epiglottis - tongueshaped cartilage which
covers the glottis when
swallowing.
d. vocal cords elastic fiber containing
mucous membrane folds
lacking cilia.
http://www.g
bmc.org/bi
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http://images.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us
4. Trachea - "windpipe"
12 cm long and about 2.5
cm in diameter
a. cartilage "rings"
= hold open the air way
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1) cartilage is
"C" - shaped open
posteriorly
a) open end
touching the esophagus
allows expansion
b. branches in the
thoracic cavity -- right
and left bronchi
c. lining of ciliated
mucous membrane
(psuedo stratified ciliated
columnar epithelium)
B. Lower tract (beginning
in the thoracic cavity
including some of the
trachea as well)
1. Bronchial Tree
a. primary bronchi
- branch to lungs
b. bronchioles branches off the primary
right and left bronchi
c. alveolar ducts branches off bronchioles
d. alveoli - "tiny
cavity"
1) 300 to 500
million in the average
adult lungs
2) Huge surface
area on the order of a
tennis court per lung
3) Structure basically a microscopic air
space with a thin wall
a) Wall - single
layer of squamous epithelium
- surfactant = a detergent like
lining inner wall to allow
alveoli to inflate quickly
b) Capillaries
2. Lungs
a. Surrounded by
parietal and visceral pleurae
(serous membranes)
parietal lines thoracic cavity
visceral directly covers the
lungs
Digestive System
I. Introduction
A. Digestion - the
breakdown of food into
small enough particles to
be absorbed.
1. Mechanical
2. Chemical
B. Digestive Organs
1. Gastrointestinal
tract (alimentary canal) mouth to anus.
2. Accessory Organs:
• Teeth
• Tongue
• Salivary glands
• Pancreas
• Liver and gallbladder
C. Digestive process
1. Ingestion
SEE PAGE
473 WINGERD
2. Mechanical
digestion (chewing,
mixing with tongue,
churning of stomach, and
mixing in the small
intestine)
3. Propulsion movement of food
through the GI tract
(swallowing and
peristalsis - series of
involuntary muscle
contraction)
4. Chemical digestion
- the breakdown of large
molecules into building
blocks (enzymes in
stomach and small
intestine)
5. Absorption movement of food
molecules into blood
or lymph
6. Defecation elimination of indigestible
material as feces
II. Anatomy
A. Associated tissues.
1. Peritoneum.
a. parietal - lines the
walls of the
abdominopelvic cavity
b. visceral (serosa) covers the
external surfaces of most
digestive organs
c. Peritoneal cavity between the visceral and
parietal with lubricating
fluid
See page 476 Wingerd
d. Extensions to the
peritoneum
1) falciform
ligament - to liver from
anterior wall
2) lesser omentum liver to stomach and from
anterior wall
3) mesentery - to
coils of small intestine
from posterior wall
4) greater omentum
- fold of visceral peritoneum of the stomach
which hangs over the
small intestine.
2. Layers of GI tract
tissues in walls of GI tract
organs.
a. mucosa - mucous
membrane lining the inside
of the "tube" (epithelium,
loose connective tissue, and
smooth muscle)
b. submucosa - “under
mucosa” with many
vessels, nerve endings and
glands (loose connective
tissue)
c. muscularis encircles "tube" to mix
and propel food. Also
includes sphincters which
are muscular valves
controlling propulsion.
(smooth muscle)
d. serosa - visceral
peritoneum.
(loose connective tissue and
epithelium which secretes
serous fluid)
B. Organ anatomy
1. Mouth
a. Lips - many blood
vessels and touch receptors
b. Palate - roof of
oral cavity.
Hard and soft. Uvula is
projection from soft.
c. Tongue - anchored
by lingual frenulum.
Covered with papillae.
d. Teeth - allow us to
masticate (from the lab number of teeth we have)
1) Crown (visible
part of tooth) - covered
by enamel (hardest
substance in the body.
2) Root (area below
the gum line)
3) Dentin - material
making up most of the
tooth.
4) Pulp cavity - central
part of the tooth
surrounded by dentin
- contains nerves, and
connective tissues
e. Salivary glands enzyme and mucus
secreting accessory
glands.
2. Pharynx - 4 areas
a. nasopharynx superior, primarily for air
passage from nostrils.
b. oropharynx - back of
the mouth
c. laryngopharynx below tongue level
d. epiglottis - part of
larynx made of cartilage
to close off the opening of
the trachea (the glottis)
See Wingerd
page 477
3. Esophagus - 25 cm
muscular tube.
a. no serosa layer
b. mucosa containing
stratified squamous
epithelium
c. superior muscularis
layer is skeletal muscle,
inferior section smooth
muscle
d. lower esophageal
sphincter near entry to
stomach.
4. Stomach - a temporary
food storage sac
a. mucosa - folds over
itself when empty
b. regions
1) cardia- area at
entry of esophagus
2) fundus - bulge
above the cardia to store
food
3) body - central
portion
4) pylorus narrowed inferior region
c. pyloric sphincter
d. mucosa characteristics
1) gastric pits - tiny
openings lined with
epithelium
2) gastric glands connect to gastric pits.
e. muscularis
characteristics - 3 layers
of muscle (circular,
longitudinal, and oblique)
5. Small intestine completes digestion
(chemical and
mechanical) and
absorption
a. duodenum - first
section after the stomach
(about 10 inches)
b. jejunum - central
portion (about 8 feet
long)
c. ileum - connects to
large intestine ( about 12
feet long)
d. ileocecal valve
e. intestinal wall
anatomy
• mucosa - intestinal villi
microvilli (bristles) 1 mm
long
• lacteal of lymphatic system
• blood capillaries
6. Large intestine - about
5 feet long and 3 inches in
diameter
a. Cecum - pouchlike entry below the
ileocecal valve
1) vermiform
appendix (worm-like
attachment) - narrow
channel with a blind end
(dead end)
b. Colon - 4 regions
based on orientation
1) ascending colon right side of abdomen
2) transverse
3) descending
4) sigmoid - last sshaped section
c. Rectum - straight
vertical tube just anterior
to the sacrum
d. Anal canal
1) sphincters
a) internal involuntary
b) external voluntary
e. Anus - outlet of
rectum.
f. Intestinal wall
1) mucosa - lacks
villi but has folds and has
many mucus cells
2) muscularis -not
complete muscle coverage
but longitudinal muscle
bands.
7. Pancreas - secretes
enzymes into the duodenum
via the pancreatic duct
8. Liver and gall bladder. secretion of enzymes to the
duodenum via the common
bile duct, hepatic duct and
cystic duct - out of gall
bladder.