Vertebrates: Fishes to Reptiles
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Transcript Vertebrates: Fishes to Reptiles
Non-vertebrate
Chordates, Fishes, and
Amphibians
Chapter 30
Phylum Chordata
Contains three sub-phyla:
– Vertebrata
– Urochordata
– Cephalochordata
All chordates at some point in their life
span must possess four characteristics:
1)
2)
3)
4)
A hollow, dorsal nerve cord
A notochord (supporting rod)
Pharyngeal gill slits
A tail that extends beyond the
anus
Also known as the tunicates or “sea
squirts”
Basically a sack with two siphons.
Examples: amphioxus and lancelets
Vertebrates
Most numerous chordates
Anterior, large brain
Jointed internal skeleton
Usually two pairs of appendages and
some type of tail
Closed circulatory system
Gills or lungs and a chambered heart
7 major classes of vertebrates
Jawless fishes, cartilaginous fishes,
bony fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds,
mammals
Ectotherms = “cold-blooded” body temp
changes with the environment.
Endotherms = “warm blooded” body
tem remains fairly constant
FISH or FISHES
Both words can be used for the plural of
a fish.
“Fishes” is often used when talking
about taxonomy or classification.
1. Class Agnatha
“jawless fishes”
Most primitive vertebrates
No scales nor fins
Cartilage skeleton
No jaws
Both fresh and salt water varieties.
examples: lampreys and hagfish
LAMPREY
Both fresh and salt
water. (parasitic)
Possess a tongue
with teeth that gnaw
a hole in its victim
then sucks out the
blood.
Can be harmful to
fish populations.
HAGFISH
Only found in salt
water. scavengers
Also known as
“slime eels”
Produce great
amounts of slime for
defense. Can tie
themselves in a knot
2. Class Chondricthyes
Chondros (Gr. Cartilage)
Ichthys (Gr. Fish)
Mostly marine
2 chambered heart
Movable upper and lower jaws
ex. Sharks, skates, and rays
Skates and rays
Flattened body (countershading)
Eat worms, mollusks, and other
invertebrates
Can be specialized for defense
– Stingers
– Electric rays
SHARKS
Internal fertilization.
Viviparous = live birth
Need to be constantly swimming to
keep water moving over the gills
Very highly developed sense of smell.
Covered with sandpaper-like scales
called placoid scales.
Medicinal uses
Currently
shark
cartilage is
being tested
as a possible
cure for
cancer.
3. Class Osteicthyes
Osteo- Gr. Meaning “bone”
Known as the bony fishes
Largest class of vertebrates.
Vary in size, shape, and structure.
Complex nervous system (lateral lines)
Very specialized.
Electric eel, pufferfish, angler fish, butterfly
fish
Wide Variety
Structure of a bony fish
Usually four pairs of gills covered by a
bony flap (operculum)
2 chambered heart
Many have scales and fins
Swim bladder = gas-filled sac which is
used for buoyancy (maintain depth)
Reproduction
External.
A female
will lay upto
500,000 eggs.
The male usually swims over
the eggs depositing milt
(sperm containing fluid)
The Coelacanth
A special fleshy-lobed finned fish
thought to be extinct.
1938 one was caught off the southern
coast of Africa.
4. Class Amphibia
“from water to land”
Reproduction and development must
take place in or near water.
Thin moist skin
Two pairs of limbs, one pair of nostrils
3 chambered heart
Young show a distinct larval form.
Examples:
Frog anatomy and function
Large powerful hind legs for jumping.
2 large movable eyes
Tympanic membrane
3 eyelids
– Upper
– Lower
– Nictitating membrane (transparent; used
for underwater sight.
digestion
Large mouth.
Long sticky spade-shaped tongue
Teeth along upper jaw.
A pair of vomerine teeth used to hold
prey in mouth
Esophagus...stomach...small
intestine(site of absorption)..large
intestine...cloaca…anal opening.
Circulatory system
Oxygenated blood enters left atrium from
lungs. Deoxygenated blood enters right
atrium from rest of body.
Both empty into ventricle where a mixture of
oxygen and non-oxygen blood is pumped out
Respiratory system
Tadpoles use gills to breathe.
Adult frog uses three structures for
respiration.
Nervous system
Possess both a cranial and peripheral
nervous system
Multi-lobed brain
Olfactory(smell)
Optic(sight)
Cerebrum(voluntary muscles)
Cerebellum(coordination)
Medulla(involuntary muscle action)
Excretory system
CO2
excreted through the skin,
other wastes filtered through
the kidneys.
Urine is stored in urinary
bladder then passed into cloaca
and out of the body.
Reproduction
External
fertilization
amplexus = male
grasps female,
eggs are released
then quickly
fertilized by the
male.
Order Urodela
Salamanders
and newts
Long bodies
and tails
Live in dark,
moist places.
Orders Anura & Apoda
ANURA
Frogs and toads
APODA
Caecilians
Legless amphibians
Assignment
Pages 793-794
– 1-10, 14, 17, 18, 20, 23, 24, 28
Page 795 1-10