Transcript Respiratory System

Respiratory
System
Objectives:
1.
Describe the structure of the respiratory system. 10.01
2.
Analyze the function of the respiratory system. 10.02
3.
Identify characteristics and treatment of common
respiratory disorders. 10.03
Respiratory System
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Includes the nasal
cavity, pharynx,
larynx, trachea,
bronchi, alveoli,
lungs, and pleura.
Nasal Cavity
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Nasal Septum=divides
nasal cavities into R
and L sides
Cilia- the hairs in your
nose, trap larger dirt
particles.
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Sinuses- cavities in
the skull
Connected to the
nasal cavity, by ducts
Lined with mucous
membrane to warm
and moisten air
Sinuses give
resonance to the
voice.
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Pharynx
The throat
Common passageway for
air and food
5” long
When food is swallowed,
the Epiglottis closes
over the opening to the
larynx preventing food
from entering the lungs
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Meet the Larynx
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Larynx- voice box
Triangular chamber
below the pharynx
Within the larynx are
vocal cords
Epiglottis covers
larynx during
swallowing
Adam’s apple
Produces sound
Made of cartilage
fibrous plates
Meet the Trachea
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Windpipe.
4 ½ in. long.
Walls are alternate
bands of membrane and
C shaped rings of
hyaline cartilage to
keep trachea open and
more rigid
Lined with ciliated
mucous membrane.
Coughing and
expectoration gets rid
of dust-laden mucous.
Did Someone say Bronchi and Bronchioles are
next?
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Lower end of
trachea divides into
R and L bronchus
Become bronchial
tubes and bronchioles
as braonches enter
lungs
Passageway for air
from trachea to
alveoli in lungs
Alveoli
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Clusters of thin-walled
sacs made of single
layer epithelial tissue
Inner surfaces covered
with Surfactant to keep
alveoli from collapsing
Each alveolus
surrounded by
capillaries
O2 and CO2 exchange
takes place between the
alveoli and capillaries
(diffusion)
Lovely Lungs
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Fill the thoracic cavity
Upper part=apex
Lower part=base
Lung tissue porous and
spongy –it floats
R lung=larger and shorter
displaced by the liver and
has 3 lobes
L lung smaller displaced
by the heart and has 2
lobes
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Pretty Pleura
Thin, moist
slippery
membrane that
covers the
lungs.
Double walled
sac.
Space is pleural
cavity filled with
pleural fluid to
prevent friction.
Mediastinum
•A septum or cavity between two principal portions of an
organ.
•Contains the heart and its large vessels, trachea,
esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes, and connective tissue
•Also called the interpleural space
•Located between the lungs
•Contains the thoracic viscera
Test your gray matter…..
What structure of
the respiratory
system is
responsible for
voice production?
Larynx
Which body
function is made
possible by
fibrous plates
contained within
the cartilage of
the larynx?
The respiratory
system ends in
millions of tiny,
thin walled sacs
called:
Alveoli
Pleura
Speech
The windpipe is
The wall of the
referred to as the: trachea are made
more rigid by the
presence of:
Trachea
Rings of
Cartilage
What covers the
outer surface of
the lungs and
lines the inner
surface of the rib
cage?
Each lung is
divided into two
or three parts
called:
Lobes
When the trachea
divides to enter
both lungs, the
tubes that are
formed are
called:
Bronchi
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The partition that
separated the nose
into right and left
cavities is the:
Septum
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The medical name
for the throat is the:
Pharynx
That’s all for now….
Function of the Respiratory
System
1.
2.
External respiration,
internal respiration , and
cellular respiration
Production of sound
(vocal cords)
external respiration: exchange of gases between the lungs.
and blood
internal respiration: exchange of gases
between the body cells and blood
Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)
Inspiration Inhalation
Intercostal muscles lift
ribs outward,
sternum rises and
the diaphragm
contracts and moves
downward this
increases the volume
of the lungs and air
rushes in.
Pulmonary Ventilation
Expiration
Opposite action
takes place.
Exhalation is a
passive process
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Respiratory Movements
1 inspiration + 1
expiration=1
respiration
 Normal adult = 14-20
Respirations per minute
 Increases with
exercise, body
temperature, certain
diseases.
 Age-newborm= 4060/min
 Sleep= respiration 
 Emotion can  or 
rate
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Total Lung Capacity
Tidal Volume: that volume of air moved into or out of
the lungs during quiet breathing
Inspiratory Reserve Volume: The maximal volume of
air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration.
Expiratory Reserve Volume: The maximal volume of
air, usually about 1000 milliliters, that can be expelled
from the lungs after normal expiration
Vital lung capacity: the maximum amount of air a person can expel
from the lungs after a maximum inhalation.
Residual lung capacity: The volume of air remaining in the lungs after
a maximal expiratory effort.
Functional residual capacity: the volume of air
present in the lungs, specifically the parenchyma
tissues, at the end of passive expiration
Coughing
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Deep breath
followed by forceful
expulsion of air – to
clear lower
respiratory tract
Hiccups – spasm of
the diaphragm and
spasmotic closure
of the glottisirritation to
diaphragm or
phrenic nerve.
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Sneezing
Air forced through
nose to clear
respiratory tract
Yawning
Deep prolonged
breath that fills the
lungs, increases
oxygen within the
blood
Control Breathing
Breathing controlled by neural and chemical
factors.
Neural Factors
Chemical Factors
•Respiratory center
located in the Medulla
Oblongata
• on CO2 or  O2 in the
blood will trigger
respiratory center
•Phrenic Nervestimulates the diaphragm
Depends on the levels of
CO2 in the blood
(respiratory center in the
brain)
Chemoreceptors in aorta and
carotid arteries sensitive to
the amount of blood O2
Test your gray matter
Respirations
would normally
increase in
number if there
was an increase
of:
Carbon dioxide
in the blood
Of the following,
which is the
correct pathway
of air into the
lungs?
Start with larynx
Trachea,
bronchi, alveoli
Which of the
following is
initially sensed by
the brain to
control
breathing?
CO2 level in
blood
Which body function
is made possible by
fibrous plates
contained within the
cartilage of the
Cilia located in
the nasal
epithelium
performs the
function of:
Filtering in the
air
The part of
respiration that
involves taking air
into lungs is
called:
larynx?
Speech
Inspiration
The normal
number of
breaths an adult
takes each
minute at rest is
about:
14-20
Respiratory Disorders
Common Cold
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Contagious viral
respiratory infection
Contributing factorschilling fatigue,poor
nutrition, and not enough
sleep
Rx- stay in bed, drink
warm liquids and fruit
juice, good nutrition
Good handwashing best
prevention.
Also called an Upper
Respiratory Infection
(URI)
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Pharyngitis- red,
inflammation throat
LaryngitisInflammation of the
larynx or voice box
Symptoms- sore
throat ,
hoarseness or
loss of voice
dysphagia
(difficulty
swallowing)
Influenza (Flu)
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Viral infection of
upper respiratory
tract
Symptoms-Fever,
muco-purulent
discharge,
muscular pain,
extreme exhaustion
Rx – treat the
symptoms
Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease
COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary (PULL-mun-ary) disease,
is a progressive disease that makes it hard to breathe.
"Progressive" means the disease gets worse over time.
COPD can cause coughing that produces large amounts of mucus
(a slimy substance), wheezing, shortness of breath, chest
tightness, and other symptoms.
Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD. Most people
who have COPD smoke or used to smoke. Long-term exposure to
other lung irritants—such as air pollution, chemical fumes, or
dust—also may contribute to COPD.
In the United States, the term "COPD" includes two main conditions—
emphysema (em-fih-SE-ma) and chronic bronchitis
(bron-KI-tis).
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Alveoli become overdilated, lose their
elasticity, can’t
rebound, may
eventually rupture
Air becomes trapped,
can’t exhale-forced
exhalation required
Reduced exchange of
O2 and CO2
Dyspnea increases
as disease
progresses
RX – Alleviate the
symptoms,
decrease exposure
to respiratory
irritants, prevent
infections,
restructure
activities to
prevent need for
O2
Bronchitis
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Inflammation of the
mucous membrane of
the trachea and
bronchi
Symptoms-cough,
fever, substernal pain
and rales (raspy
sound)
Chronic bronchitismiddle or old age,
cigarette smoking
most common
cause.
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Inflammatory airway
obstruction
Caused by allergen or
psychological stress
5% of Americans have
asthma
Symptoms: difficulty
exhaling, dyspnea,
wheezing, tightness in
chest
RX anti-inflammatory
drugs, inhaled
bronchodilator.
Pneumonia
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Infection of the lung
Caused by bacteria
or virus
Alveoli fill with thick
fluid
Symptoms- chest pain,
fever, chills dyspnea
Diagnosis- x-ray and
listening to lungs
Rx- O2 and antibiotics
Tuberculosis
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Infectious bacterial lung
disease
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Tubercles (lesions) forms
in the lungs
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Symptoms: cough, low
grade fever in the
afternoon, weigh loss,
night sweats
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Diagnosis- TB skin test
If skin test positive-follow
up with chest x-ray and
sputum sample
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RX- Antibiotic
Tuberculosis
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Due to the
increase in
immigration,
homelessness
and AIDS, the
incidence of TB is
increasing in the
United States.
Pneumothorax
A collapsed lung, or pneumothorax, is the collection of air in
the space around the lungs. This buildup of air puts pressure
on the lung, so it cannot expand as much as it normally does
when you take a breath.
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
A collapsed lung occurs when air escapes from the lung and
fills up the space outside of the lung, inside the chest. It may
be caused by a gunshot or knife wound to the chest, rib
fracture, or certain medical procedures.
In some cases, a collapsed lung occurs without any cause.
This is called a spontaneous pneumothorax. A small area in
the lung that is filled with air (bleb) can break open, sending
air into the space around the lung.
Tall, thin people and smokers are more likely to have a
collapsed lung.
The following lung
diseases also increase
your risk for a
collapsed lung:
Asthma
COPD
Cystic fibrosis
Tuberculosis
Whooping Cough
Symptoms
Common symptoms of a collapsed lung include:
There are decreased or no breath sounds on the affected side
when heard through a stethoscope
Sharp chest pain, made worse by a deep breath or a cough
shortness of breath
A larger pneumothorax will cause more severe
symptoms, including:
Bluish color of the skin caused by lack of oxygen
Chest tightness
Easy fatigue
Rapid heart rate
Other symptoms that can occur with a collapsed lung include:
Nasal flaring
Tests include: chest x-ray and arterial blood gases
Treatment :
A small pneumothorax may go away on its own with
Rest and oxygen
Needle insertion or chest tube insertion may be needed
to allow air to drain
Lung surgery may be needed to repair leak.
Prognosis
-most likely to have another one if you have had 2 in the
Past
-continue smoking
-are tall and thin
Terms to know
Apnea: absence of breathing
 Dyspnea: difficulty breathing
 Tachypnea: rapid breathing
 Orthopnea: difficulty breathing while
laying down or flat
 Eupnea: good breathing
 Hyperventilation: state of breathing
faster or deeper than normal, causing
excessive expulsion of circulating
carbon dioxide
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Test your gray matter…
Due to increase
in illegal
immigration,
homelessness,
and AIDS, the
incidence of what
disease is
increasing in the
US?
TB
Cough, low grade
fever in the
afternoon, weight
loss, and night
sweats are
symptoms of
what disease?
TB
Kim experienced
hoarseness for
two days and loss
of voice for three
days. She most
likely suffers
from:
Laryngitis
In which of the
following
diseases does
dyspnea worsen
as the disease
progresses?
Emphysema
Which of the
following
disorders is
characterized by
distended alveoli
that have lost
their elasticity?
Emphysema
The two main
causes of
pneumonia are:
Bacteria + Virus
A respiratory
infection which
spreads quickly
and results in the
greatest loss in
production hours
each year is:
Common cold
John comes into
the ER with
wheezing,
dyspnea, and
tightness in the
chest. He is
experiencing:
Asthma
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The most common
cause of chronic
bronchitis is:
Cigarette
Smoking
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Influenza is caused
by a :
Virus