Transcript 451_Chap
CHAPTER 4 The Human Body Anatomic Terms The Anatomic Position Anatomic Position Right Left Imaginary Lines of the Body Midline Bilateral Unilateral Midclavicular lines Midaxillary lines Descriptive Anatomic Terms Positional Terminology - Prone Positional Terminology - Supine Positional Terminology - Fowler’s Positional Terminology Trendelenburg’s Positional Terminology Shock Position Positional Terminology Recovery Position Medical Terminology Examples of Prefixes Prefix Meaning Example Bi both, both sides bilateral Epi upon Hyper above, excessive hypertonic Hypo under, below hypothermic Inter between intercostal Post after, behind postnatal Pre before, in front preoperative epigastric Examples of Root Words Root Word Meaning Cardi heart Cerebro brain Gastr stomach Nephr kidney Oste bone Phleb vein Thorac chest Examples of Suffixes Suffix Meaning Example centesis surgical puncture pericardiocentesis ectomy excision appendectomy itis inflammation peritonitis meter instrument to measure thermometer ostomy surgical opening colostomy paresis partial paralysis hemiparesis stomy visual examination bronchoscopy Examples of Abbreviations Abbreviation Definition AMI acute myocardial infarction CCU coronary care unit CHF congestive heart failure COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CVA cerebrovascular accident ECG electrocardiogram IV intravenous Body Systems The Respiratory System The respiratory system takes oxygen from the air to the blood for transport to cells and rids the body of excess carbon dioxide. Upper airway: Extends from the mouth and nose down to the trachea. The Upper Airway Nasopharynx Oropharynx Epiglottis Vocal cords Trachea The Larynx Thyroid cartilage Cricothyroid membrane Cricoid ring Lower airway: Extends from the trachea down to the lungs. Lower Airway Upper lobe Middle lobe Lower lobe Trachea Trachea and Bronchi Trachea Left Bronchus Right Bronchus The Alveoli Bronchiole Alveoli Lung ventilation: Inhalation begins with contraction of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles. Exhalation begins with the relaxation of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm. Breathing Inhalation Exhalation Chest contracts Chest relaxes Gas Exchange Alveolus Blood Alveolar/capillary interface Body cells Blood Cellular/capillary interface Capillary Normal Respiratory Rates Adult: 12 - 20/minute Children: 15 - 30/minute Infants: 25 - 50/minute Breath sounds can be heard with a stethoscope. Accessory breathing muscles: Muscles used to draw air into the chest, such as the neck and abdominal muscles. Use of these muscles is a sign of respiratory distress. Tidal volume: Amount of air exchanged in one breath. Pediatric Anatomy Considerations Children are NOT small adults. Adult vs Child Respiratory Anatomy Proportionately larger tongue Narrower and shorter trachea Trachea easily kinked by improper positioning Chest-wall very pliable Larynx is more anterior Weaker intercostal muscles Requires more use of diaphragm Comparison of the diameter of the child’s trachea versus the adult’s. Adult (20 mm) Infant (4 mm) The Circulatory System (Cardiovascular System) External View of Heart Superior vena cava Aorta Coronary arteries Internal View of Heart Atria Ventricles Automaticity: The ability of cardiac muscle cells to generate their own contractions. The heart has its own conduction system. Cardiac Conduction System 1 Bachmann’s bundle Sinus node Internodal pathways AV node Bundle of His Left bundle branch Posterior division Anterior division Right bundle branch Purkinje fibers Cardiac Conduction System 2 Relationship of ECG to anatomy Determining the Rate Arterial System Carotid artery Brachial artery Radial artery Femoral artery Venous System External jugular Inferior vena cava Femoral vein Great saphenous Capillary: The smallest blood vessel in the body where the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste occurs. Blood Composition Red blood cells Hemoglobin White blood cells Platelets Plasma Fluid that carries cells and platelets The BP is a measure of the pressure exerted against the arterial walls... TH-1 …when the left ventricle contracts (systolic) and relaxes (diastolic). Systolic Diastolic Perfusion: The process of delivering blood to the organs, delivering oxygen, and removing wastes. The skin condition is a good indicator of perfusion. Shock: A state or condition of inadequate perfusion to the organs and tissue (hypoperfusion).