Transcript Respiratory Anatomy

Respiratory Anatomy
Mrs. Meister
Function
Takes in air containing 02
 Removes 02 from the air
 Sends 02 through the blood to all cells in
the body
 Removes waste C02 from the blood
 Exhales C02 from the lungs
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Inhaled air contains 21% 02
Exhaled air contains 16% 02
The Medulla Oblongata
Respiratory center of the brain
 When the level of C02 in the blood rises to
a certain level, the medulla oblongata is
triggered and a breath is taken in
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The Anatomy
The Nose
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Filters the air using
cilia and mucous
membranes
Warms the air
using blood vessels
in the nose
Moistens the air
using mucous
membranes
How the Nose Filters the Air
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Cilia are tiny hairs lining
the nose, nasal passages,
larynx and trachea
Cilia become finer the
further into the body they
go
Cilia trap inhaled particles
which are ejected from the
body when you sneeze,
cough or blow your nose
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Mucous Membranes
contain mucous secreting
cells
They line the nasal
passages, larynx and
trachea
They work with cilia to
trap inhaled particles and
bacteria which are ejected
when you cough or
swallow
How the Nose Warms the Air
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The many blood vessels lining the nasal
passages warm the air as it is inhaled
How the Nose Moistens the Air
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The mucous membranes lining the nasal
passages moisten the air as it is inhaled
The Pharynx
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Is the common
passageway for both air
and food
Is the passageway for food
to travel from the mouth
to the esophagus
Is the passageway for air
to travel from the mouth
and nose to the trachea
The Epiglottis
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Is a leaf – shaped flap
of elastic cartilage
It covers the larynx
during swallowing to
prevent food from
entering the lungs
The Larynx
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Is also called the voice
box
It contains the vocal cords
Is made up of 9 separate
pieces of cartilage that
hold it open – the thyroid
cartilage or Adam’s Apple
is one of them
These pieces of cartilage
swell when severely
infected requiring
intubation and/or
tracheostomy
Intubation
Tracheostomy
The Trachea
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Is also called the windpipe
Lies in front of the esophagus
Begins at the level of the throat
and goes to the level of the
sternum
Is a muscular passage leading to
the lungs
Is held open by a series of Cshaped rings of cartilage
Divides into the right and left
bronchus at about the level of
the sternum
The Bronchi
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Branch off the trachea into
the right main stem
bronchus which leads to
the right lung and the left
main stem bronchus which
leads to the left lung
Each bronchus separates
and divides into smaller
and smaller bronchioles
like branches of an upside
down tree
The Bronchioles
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Are the smallest
branches of the
bronchi
Each end with clusters
of alveoli
The Alveoli
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Are grapelike clusters of
microscopic air sacs
There are approximately
500 million alveoli in the
lungs
Are surrounded by a
network of capillaries
which allows for the
exchange of 02 and C02
between the RBCs in the
blood flowing through the
capillaries and the alveoli
The Lungs
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Are made up of spongy
tissue containing millions
of alveoli
There is a right and left
lung
Each lung is divided into
lobes
Right lung has 3 lobes –
upper, middle and lower
Left lung has 2 lobes –
upper and lower
Each lobe is divided into
segments
The Pleural Membranes
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2 separate membranes that
enclose each lung
The visceral pleura adheres
directly to the lung
The parietal pleura adheres to
the inside of the chest wall
The thin space in between is
filled with pleural fluid which
lubricates the membranes so
they slide freely over each other
when the lungs expand and
contract with breathing
The Diaphragm
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Sheet of muscle that arches up
into the chest cavity
Separates the chest cavity from
the abdominal cavity
When it contracts, it lowers
down toward the abdomen
allowing the chest cavity and
lungs to expand and draw in a
breath
When it relaxes, it rises back up
into the chest cavity allowing
for exhalation
The Rib Cage
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Contains 12 pairs of ribs
Protects the heart and
lungs within it
Flexible cartilage connects
the ribs to the sternum
Intercostal muscles
between each rib work
with the diaphragm to
expand and contract the
chest cavity allowing for
inspiration and expiration
Types of Respiration
External
 Internal
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External Respiration
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Is the exchange of 02 and C02 between the alveoli
and the capillaries
The body takes in 02 during inspiration which
travels down through the lungs to the alveoli
02 passes through the walls of the alveoli into the
RBCs flowing through the capillaries
RBCs pass C02 they received from the cells
throughout the body into the alveoli
C02 is passed out of the body during expiration
Internal Respiration
Is the exchange of gases that occurs at the
cellular level
 RBCs carry 02 passed by the alveoli to the
cells throughout the body
 RBCs carry C02 received from the cells
throughout the body back to the alveoli
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Abnormal Breath Sounds
Rales
 Stridor
 Wheeze
 Rhonchi
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Rales
Sound like crackles
 Are caused by fluid accumulated in the
lungs or the bronchi
 Fluid in the lungs can be caused by
pneumonia or congestive heart failure
 Fluid in the bronchi can be caused by tar
accumulation in smokers or from bronchitis
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Stridor
Is a high pitched or crow-like sound
 Is caused by obstruction of the larynx by
swelling of the mucosal lining or from a
foreign body
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Wheeze
Is caused by air whistling through
constriction of the bronchi, bronchioles and
lungs
 The bronchi and bronchioles become
constricted from swelling of the lining of
the bronchi and bronchioles
 This swelling can be caused by asthma or
an allergic reaction
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Rhonchi
Sounds somewhat like snoring
 Is caused by the partial obstruction of the
bronchi by secretions, swelling of the lining
of the bronchi or from a tumor pressing on
the bronchi
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