Transcript Ch 12 Powerpoint

Chapter 12
Clearing the Air
Respiratory, Cardiovascular, and
Urinary Systems
Fourth Edition
BIOLOGY
Science for Life | with Physiology
Colleen Belk • Virginia Borden Maier
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
PowerPoint Lecture prepared by
Jill Feinstein
Richland Community College
1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System
 ETS – Environmental Tobacco Smoke or
“secondhand smoke” is inhaled by passive
smokers - people who are in the same
environment as active smokers
 Carbon monoxide  most abundant chemical in ETS
 ETS has a high concentration of particulates (tar)
 ETS damages lungs, but chemicals can also pass
into bloodstream
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1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System
 On average, a resting
human:
 Breathes once every
12 seconds
 Takes a breath with a
volume of about 500
milliliters
 Sends about 1 liter of
air per minute into the
lungs
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1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System –
Diaphragm
 The respiratory system is separated from the
digestive organs by the diaphragm.
 When the diaphragm contracts, it flattens.
 Simultaneously, the rib cage lifts up and out.
 Volume of chest cavity increases, pressure lowers
and air rushes in.
 When diaphragm relaxes, chest cavity loses
volume, pressure increases, and air leaves.
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1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System –
Diaphragm
 Inhalation brings air into the lungs and exhalation
brings air out of the lungs.
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1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System –
Lungs
 Healthy lungs are spongy, pink sacs that fill the
chest cavity.
 Lungs are attached to the chest wall by a doublelayered membrane.
 Air enters the lungs through bronchi.
 Bronchi branch into bronchioles.
 Bronchioles finally end at alveoli—small,
vascularized sacs.
 Alveoli are the functional unit of the lung and where
gas exchange occurs.
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1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System –
Lungs
 On average, lungs contain about 300 million
alveoli, and these contain the respiratory surface
through which the body acquires oxygen and
eliminates CO2 waste.
 The total area of the respiratory surface in a pair of
lungs is about the same area as a tennis court.
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1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System –
Lungs
 Each alveolus is surrounded by a net of
capillaries – tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that
connect the gases exchanged with the body.
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1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System –
Gas Exchange
 Gas exchange is the primary function of the
lungs: O2 from the environment is exchanged
for CO2 from the body.
 Gas exchange occurs by simple diffusion
between the alveoli and the capillaries.
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1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System –
The Role of Hemoglobin in Gas Exchange
 CO2 easily diffuses from blood to air;
O2 requires help to enter the blood.
 Hemoglobin – respiratory pigment
 Hemoglobin produces color when it
binds with oxygen.
 A single hemoglobin is made up of 4
different protein chains, each with an
iron atom.
 Iron binds to the oxygen and carries
it in the blood.
 A red blood cell contains about 250
million hemoglobin molecules; it can
carry 1 billion oxygen molecules.
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1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System –
The Role of Hemoglobin in Gas Exchange
 Hemoglobin is efficient at binding O2, but even more
effective at binding carbon monoxide.
 Even small amounts of carbon monoxide can tie up a lot
of hemoglobin.
 Carbon monoxide causes oxygen shortages in tissues.
 Carbon monoxide is especially damaging to fetuses and
embryos.
 Lower than average birth weights associated with
smoking mothers are due to oxygen deprivation.
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1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System –
Smoke Particles and Lung Function
 Normal function of the lungs:
 Cough is first response to lung irritants
 Small particles don’t trigger cough; they become trapped
in mucus lining the respiratory tract
 Cilia move trapped particles to nose and mouth
 Mucus is coughed out or swallowed
 The majority of the damage to lungs is caused by
particulates in smoke, which damage the surfaces of
the lungs.
 Children and infants are particularly vulnerable
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1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System –
Smoke Particles and Lung Function
 Particles can interfere with the lung’s defense
systems
 Particulates increase mucus production, but
damage cilia leading to bronchitis
 Asthma is an allergic reaction where bronchioles
constrict and mucus production increases.
 Particulates are known to exacerbate asthma.
 The EPA estimates that environmental tobacco
smoke, or ETS, will cause 26,000 additional cases
of asthma.
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1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System –
Emphysema
 Emphysema is caused by scar
tissue formation due to chronic
bronchitis and asthma.
 Alveoli can become damaged and
merge into fewer and larger sacs.
 This drastically reduces surface
area for gas exchange.
 The damage is permanent; lung
tissue is not regenerated.
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1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System –
Lung Cancer
 Many of the particulates in
cigarette smoke contain
chemicals known to be
carcinogens
 Particulates can stay on lung
surfaces for long periods of
time
 Risk of mutation remains
long after cigarette has been
smoked leading to cancer
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BioFlix: Gas Exchange
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Animation: Gas Exchange in the Lung
Click “Go to Animation” / Click “Play”
2 Spreading the Effects of Smoke: The
Cardiovascular System
 The cardiovascular system consists of three
main components:
 Circulating fluid (blood)
 Pump (heart)
 Vascular system (blood vessels and capillaries)
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2 Spreading the Effects of Smoke: The
Cardiovascular System – Blood
 The average adult human has 5 liters (11 pints) of
blood, which consists of solid (cellular) and liquid
components.
 Liquid portion  plasma
 Cellular portion  red blood cells, white blood cells,
platelets
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2 Spreading the Effects of Smoke: The
Cardiovascular System – Blood
 Cellular components of blood are produced by
stem cells in the bone marrow.
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2 Spreading the Effects of Smoke: The
Cardiovascular System – Blood
 Red blood cells
 Carry oxygen; shape provides large surface area to volume
ratio
 Lacks a nucleus or mitochondria which increases the carrying
capacity of the RBC
 White blood cells
 Several varieties
 Essential components of immune system
 Removes toxins, wastes, and damaged cells
 Platelets
 Uses proteins like fibrin to perform blood clotting
 Formation of blood clots help prevent blood loss
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2 Spreading the Effects of Smoke: The
Cardiovascular System – Blood
 Platelets
 Substances in tobacco smoke increases the
stickiness of platelets and formation of fibrinogen.
 This leads to an increase in clot
formation even when clots are
not needed.
 A clot that forms that shouldn’t
is called a thrombus, and when
this clot moves from its original
location it is called an embolism.
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2 Spreading the Effects of Smoke: The
Cardiovascular System – Heart
 The heart consists of
four chambers that
make up two pumps.
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2 Spreading the Effects of Smoke: The
Cardiovascular System – Heart
 The heart has several control mechanisms.
 The cardiac cycle involves the SA node and is the complete
sequence of filling the heart with blood and pumping it out of
the heart.
 The sino-atrial node (SA node) is the pacemaker and stimulates
the heart to beat.
 Contraction of the heart is called systole and relaxation of the
heart is called diastole.
 When the muscles of the ventricle contract, AV valves
prevent backflow into the atria.
 The semilunar valves prevent backflow into the ventricles
when the ventricles relax.
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2 Spreading the Effects of Smoke: The
Cardiovascular System – Blood Vessels
 The vascular system
includes arteries, capillaries,
and veins.
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2 Spreading the Effects of Smoke: The
Cardiovascular System – Blood Vessels
 Arteries – carry blood away from heart, have thick
elastic walls that expand with the contraction of
ventricles
 The wave of blood is called a pulse
 Capillaries – thin, porous walls; where the
exchange of gasses occurs; materials are forced
out of the capillaries through blood pressure
 Veins – carry blood to heart; thinner walls than
arteries; skeletal muscles aids the movement of
blood
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2 Spreading the Effects of Smoke: The
Cardiovascular System – Blood Vessels
 Capillary bed is a network of capillaries that
are found in highly used tissues.
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2 Spreading the Effects of Smoke: The
Cardiovascular System – Blood Vessels
 Flow of blood in
veins is helped
with contraction of
skeletal muscles.
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2 Spreading the Effects of Smoke: The
Cardiovascular System – Blood Vessels
 Blood pressure is the force of the blood against
blood vessel walls.
 Hypertension is chronic high blood pressure that
can be caused by atherosclerosis.
 Tobacco smoke can lead to atherosclerosis by
damaging the blood vessel walls.
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2 Spreading the Effects of Smoke: The
Cardiovascular System
 The movement of
materials through
the cardiovascular
system
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2 Spreading the Effects of Smoke – Smoke and
Cardiovascular Disease
 Most cardiovascular damage from smoking is
caused by nicotine.
 In high doses, nicotine is toxic to mammals.
 Nicotine increases production of LDL and decreases
production of HDL, which can lead to
atherosclerosis.
 Nicotine stimulates blood clot formation, which can
result in stroke or heart attack.
 Most deaths due to smoking are due to
cardiovascular disease.
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Animation: The Heart and Blood Circulation
Click “Go to Animation” / Click “Play”
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3 Removing Toxins From the Body: The Urinary
System
 The major organs of the
excretory system: kidneys,
ureters, bladder, urethra
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3 Removing Toxins From the Body – Kidney
Structure and Function
 Nephron  functional unit of the kidneys, where
filtration of wastes occurs
 Each kidney contains about 1,250,000 nephrons.
 Each kidney filters about 1000 liters of blood
every day.
 Capillaries surround nephrons; wastes diffuse out
of blood.
 Renal arteries bring blood to the kidneys to be
filtered.
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3 Removing Toxins From the Body – Kidney
Structure and Function
 There are four
distinct phases of
nephron function.
 Blood leaves the
kidney via the
renal vein.
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3 Removing Toxins From the Body – Smoking and
the Excretory System
 Smoking has a severe impact on the excretory
system.
 Probably related to increased blood pressure, which
strains nephrons.
 Increased particulate load also stresses kidneys with
increased waste removal.
 Smokers have 38% higher incidence of kidney
cancer.
 Bladder cancer three times more common in
smokers.
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3 Removing Toxins From the Body – Smoking and
the Excretory System
 What we inhale affects
our entire body.
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Animation: The Mammalian Kidney
Click “Go to Animation” / Click “Play”
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What is the dome-shaped muscle that flattens to
increase the volume of the chest cavity?

diaphragm

larynx

trachea

bronchi
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What is the dome-shaped muscle that flattens to
increase the volume of the chest cavity?

diaphragm

larynx

trachea

bronchi
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What part of the brain regulates the rate of
breathing?

cerebellum

cerebrum

brain stem

hypothalamus
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What part of the brain regulates the rate of
breathing?

cerebellum

cerebrum

brain stem

hypothalamus
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Which of the following lists the flow of air into the
lungs correctly?

alveoli; bronchi; bronchioles

bronchi; bronchioles; alveoli

bronchioles; alveoli; bronchi

bronchi; alveoli; bronchioles
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Which of the following lists the flow of air into the
lungs correctly?

alveoli; bronchi; bronchioles

bronchi; bronchioles; alveoli

bronchioles; alveoli; bronchi

bronchi; alveoli; bronchioles
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What is the respiratory pigment in humans?

red blood cells

oxygen

hemoglobin

platelets
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What is the respiratory pigment in humans?

red blood cells

oxygen

hemoglobin

platelets
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In adults, all of the cellular components of blood
are produced by stem cells in the _______.

kidneys

liver

gall bladder

bone marrow
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In adults, all of the cellular components of blood
are produced by stem cells in the _______.

kidneys

liver

gall bladder

bone marrow
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True or False: Veins are the branching blood
vessels that carry blood from the heart, and
arteries are the converging vessels that bring it
back.

True

False
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True or False: Veins are the branching blood
vessels that carry blood from the heart, and
arteries are the converging vessels that bring it
back.

True

False
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What disease causes most of the deaths due to
smoking?

cardiovascular disease

lung cancer

emphysema

mouth cancer
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
What disease causes most of the deaths due to
smoking?

cardiovascular disease

lung cancer

emphysema

mouth cancer
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Which picture represents plasma?

picture A
C. picture C

picture B
D. picture D
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Which picture represents plasma?

picture A
C. picture C

picture B
D. picture D
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Which of the following pictures represents
exhalation?

picture A

picture B
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Which of the following pictures represents
exhalation?

picture A

picture B
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