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Chapter 12
Clearing the Air
Respiratory, Cardiovascular, and
Urinary Systems
Fourth Edition
BIOLOGY
Science for Life | with Physiology
Colleen Belk • Virginia Borden Maier
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
PowerPoint Lecture prepared by
Jill Feinstein
Richland Community College
1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System
ETS – Environmental Tobacco Smoke or
“secondhand smoke” is inhaled by passive
smokers - people who are in the same
environment as active smokers
Carbon monoxide most abundant chemical in ETS
ETS has a high concentration of particulates (tar)
ETS damages lungs, but chemicals can also pass
into bloodstream
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System
On average, a resting
human:
Breathes once every
12 seconds
Takes a breath with a
volume of about 500
milliliters
Sends about 1 liter of
air per minute into the
lungs
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1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System –
Diaphragm
The respiratory system is separated from the
digestive organs by the diaphragm.
When the diaphragm contracts, it flattens.
Simultaneously, the rib cage lifts up and out.
Volume of chest cavity increases, pressure lowers
and air rushes in.
When diaphragm relaxes, chest cavity loses
volume, pressure increases, and air leaves.
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1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System –
Diaphragm
Inhalation brings air into the lungs and exhalation
brings air out of the lungs.
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1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System –
Lungs
Healthy lungs are spongy, pink sacs that fill the
chest cavity.
Lungs are attached to the chest wall by a doublelayered membrane.
Air enters the lungs through bronchi.
Bronchi branch into bronchioles.
Bronchioles finally end at alveoli—small,
vascularized sacs.
Alveoli are the functional unit of the lung and where
gas exchange occurs.
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1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System –
Lungs
On average, lungs contain about 300 million
alveoli, and these contain the respiratory surface
through which the body acquires oxygen and
eliminates CO2 waste.
The total area of the respiratory surface in a pair of
lungs is about the same area as a tennis court.
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1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System –
Lungs
Each alveolus is surrounded by a net of
capillaries – tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that
connect the gases exchanged with the body.
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1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System –
Gas Exchange
Gas exchange is the primary function of the
lungs: O2 from the environment is exchanged
for CO2 from the body.
Gas exchange occurs by simple diffusion
between the alveoli and the capillaries.
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1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System –
The Role of Hemoglobin in Gas Exchange
CO2 easily diffuses from blood to air;
O2 requires help to enter the blood.
Hemoglobin – respiratory pigment
Hemoglobin produces color when it
binds with oxygen.
A single hemoglobin is made up of 4
different protein chains, each with an
iron atom.
Iron binds to the oxygen and carries
it in the blood.
A red blood cell contains about 250
million hemoglobin molecules; it can
carry 1 billion oxygen molecules.
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1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System –
The Role of Hemoglobin in Gas Exchange
Hemoglobin is efficient at binding O2, but even more
effective at binding carbon monoxide.
Even small amounts of carbon monoxide can tie up a lot
of hemoglobin.
Carbon monoxide causes oxygen shortages in tissues.
Carbon monoxide is especially damaging to fetuses and
embryos.
Lower than average birth weights associated with
smoking mothers are due to oxygen deprivation.
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1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System –
Smoke Particles and Lung Function
Normal function of the lungs:
Cough is first response to lung irritants
Small particles don’t trigger cough; they become trapped
in mucus lining the respiratory tract
Cilia move trapped particles to nose and mouth
Mucus is coughed out or swallowed
The majority of the damage to lungs is caused by
particulates in smoke, which damage the surfaces of
the lungs.
Children and infants are particularly vulnerable
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1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System –
Smoke Particles and Lung Function
Particles can interfere with the lung’s defense
systems
Particulates increase mucus production, but
damage cilia leading to bronchitis
Asthma is an allergic reaction where bronchioles
constrict and mucus production increases.
Particulates are known to exacerbate asthma.
The EPA estimates that environmental tobacco
smoke, or ETS, will cause 26,000 additional cases
of asthma.
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1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System –
Emphysema
Emphysema is caused by scar
tissue formation due to chronic
bronchitis and asthma.
Alveoli can become damaged and
merge into fewer and larger sacs.
This drastically reduces surface
area for gas exchange.
The damage is permanent; lung
tissue is not regenerated.
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1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System –
Lung Cancer
Many of the particulates in
cigarette smoke contain
chemicals known to be
carcinogens
Particulates can stay on lung
surfaces for long periods of
time
Risk of mutation remains
long after cigarette has been
smoked leading to cancer
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BioFlix: Gas Exchange
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Animation: Gas Exchange in the Lung
Click “Go to Animation” / Click “Play”
2 Spreading the Effects of Smoke: The
Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system consists of three
main components:
Circulating fluid (blood)
Pump (heart)
Vascular system (blood vessels and capillaries)
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2 Spreading the Effects of Smoke: The
Cardiovascular System – Blood
The average adult human has 5 liters (11 pints) of
blood, which consists of solid (cellular) and liquid
components.
Liquid portion plasma
Cellular portion red blood cells, white blood cells,
platelets
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2 Spreading the Effects of Smoke: The
Cardiovascular System – Blood
Cellular components of blood are produced by
stem cells in the bone marrow.
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2 Spreading the Effects of Smoke: The
Cardiovascular System – Blood
Red blood cells
Carry oxygen; shape provides large surface area to volume
ratio
Lacks a nucleus or mitochondria which increases the carrying
capacity of the RBC
White blood cells
Several varieties
Essential components of immune system
Removes toxins, wastes, and damaged cells
Platelets
Uses proteins like fibrin to perform blood clotting
Formation of blood clots help prevent blood loss
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2 Spreading the Effects of Smoke: The
Cardiovascular System – Blood
Platelets
Substances in tobacco smoke increases the
stickiness of platelets and formation of fibrinogen.
This leads to an increase in clot
formation even when clots are
not needed.
A clot that forms that shouldn’t
is called a thrombus, and when
this clot moves from its original
location it is called an embolism.
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2 Spreading the Effects of Smoke: The
Cardiovascular System – Heart
The heart consists of
four chambers that
make up two pumps.
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2 Spreading the Effects of Smoke: The
Cardiovascular System – Heart
The heart has several control mechanisms.
The cardiac cycle involves the SA node and is the complete
sequence of filling the heart with blood and pumping it out of
the heart.
The sino-atrial node (SA node) is the pacemaker and stimulates
the heart to beat.
Contraction of the heart is called systole and relaxation of the
heart is called diastole.
When the muscles of the ventricle contract, AV valves
prevent backflow into the atria.
The semilunar valves prevent backflow into the ventricles
when the ventricles relax.
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2 Spreading the Effects of Smoke: The
Cardiovascular System – Blood Vessels
The vascular system
includes arteries, capillaries,
and veins.
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2 Spreading the Effects of Smoke: The
Cardiovascular System – Blood Vessels
Arteries – carry blood away from heart, have thick
elastic walls that expand with the contraction of
ventricles
The wave of blood is called a pulse
Capillaries – thin, porous walls; where the
exchange of gasses occurs; materials are forced
out of the capillaries through blood pressure
Veins – carry blood to heart; thinner walls than
arteries; skeletal muscles aids the movement of
blood
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2 Spreading the Effects of Smoke: The
Cardiovascular System – Blood Vessels
Capillary bed is a network of capillaries that
are found in highly used tissues.
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2 Spreading the Effects of Smoke: The
Cardiovascular System – Blood Vessels
Flow of blood in
veins is helped
with contraction of
skeletal muscles.
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2 Spreading the Effects of Smoke: The
Cardiovascular System – Blood Vessels
Blood pressure is the force of the blood against
blood vessel walls.
Hypertension is chronic high blood pressure that
can be caused by atherosclerosis.
Tobacco smoke can lead to atherosclerosis by
damaging the blood vessel walls.
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2 Spreading the Effects of Smoke: The
Cardiovascular System
The movement of
materials through
the cardiovascular
system
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2 Spreading the Effects of Smoke – Smoke and
Cardiovascular Disease
Most cardiovascular damage from smoking is
caused by nicotine.
In high doses, nicotine is toxic to mammals.
Nicotine increases production of LDL and decreases
production of HDL, which can lead to
atherosclerosis.
Nicotine stimulates blood clot formation, which can
result in stroke or heart attack.
Most deaths due to smoking are due to
cardiovascular disease.
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Animation: The Heart and Blood Circulation
Click “Go to Animation” / Click “Play”
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3 Removing Toxins From the Body: The Urinary
System
The major organs of the
excretory system: kidneys,
ureters, bladder, urethra
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3 Removing Toxins From the Body – Kidney
Structure and Function
Nephron functional unit of the kidneys, where
filtration of wastes occurs
Each kidney contains about 1,250,000 nephrons.
Each kidney filters about 1000 liters of blood
every day.
Capillaries surround nephrons; wastes diffuse out
of blood.
Renal arteries bring blood to the kidneys to be
filtered.
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3 Removing Toxins From the Body – Kidney
Structure and Function
There are four
distinct phases of
nephron function.
Blood leaves the
kidney via the
renal vein.
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3 Removing Toxins From the Body – Smoking and
the Excretory System
Smoking has a severe impact on the excretory
system.
Probably related to increased blood pressure, which
strains nephrons.
Increased particulate load also stresses kidneys with
increased waste removal.
Smokers have 38% higher incidence of kidney
cancer.
Bladder cancer three times more common in
smokers.
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3 Removing Toxins From the Body – Smoking and
the Excretory System
What we inhale affects
our entire body.
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Animation: The Mammalian Kidney
Click “Go to Animation” / Click “Play”
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What is the dome-shaped muscle that flattens to
increase the volume of the chest cavity?
diaphragm
larynx
trachea
bronchi
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What is the dome-shaped muscle that flattens to
increase the volume of the chest cavity?
diaphragm
larynx
trachea
bronchi
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What part of the brain regulates the rate of
breathing?
cerebellum
cerebrum
brain stem
hypothalamus
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What part of the brain regulates the rate of
breathing?
cerebellum
cerebrum
brain stem
hypothalamus
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Which of the following lists the flow of air into the
lungs correctly?
alveoli; bronchi; bronchioles
bronchi; bronchioles; alveoli
bronchioles; alveoli; bronchi
bronchi; alveoli; bronchioles
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Which of the following lists the flow of air into the
lungs correctly?
alveoli; bronchi; bronchioles
bronchi; bronchioles; alveoli
bronchioles; alveoli; bronchi
bronchi; alveoli; bronchioles
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What is the respiratory pigment in humans?
red blood cells
oxygen
hemoglobin
platelets
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What is the respiratory pigment in humans?
red blood cells
oxygen
hemoglobin
platelets
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In adults, all of the cellular components of blood
are produced by stem cells in the _______.
kidneys
liver
gall bladder
bone marrow
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In adults, all of the cellular components of blood
are produced by stem cells in the _______.
kidneys
liver
gall bladder
bone marrow
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True or False: Veins are the branching blood
vessels that carry blood from the heart, and
arteries are the converging vessels that bring it
back.
True
False
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True or False: Veins are the branching blood
vessels that carry blood from the heart, and
arteries are the converging vessels that bring it
back.
True
False
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What disease causes most of the deaths due to
smoking?
cardiovascular disease
lung cancer
emphysema
mouth cancer
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What disease causes most of the deaths due to
smoking?
cardiovascular disease
lung cancer
emphysema
mouth cancer
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Which picture represents plasma?
picture A
C. picture C
picture B
D. picture D
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Which picture represents plasma?
picture A
C. picture C
picture B
D. picture D
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Which of the following pictures represents
exhalation?
picture A
picture B
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Which of the following pictures represents
exhalation?
picture A
picture B
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