Transcript Presentation

Respiratory System
Respiratory System Anatomy
Nasal Cavities – Air enters the
nostrils, and passes through the
nasal cavities, where air is
warmed and moistened. Foreign
particles, such as dirt and dust
are filtered out by the hairs, and
trapped in the mucous.
The sinuses are cavities in the
skull lined with mucous
membranes, that opens into the
nasal cavities.
Respiratory System Anatomy – con’t -
Pharynx – the throat, which carries air into
the respiratory tract.
Larynx – commonly called the “voice box”,
located between the pharynx and the
trachea.
The vocal cords on the larynx vibrate to
produce sound as air passes over them.
Did you know…. A difference in the size of the
larynx will produce different sounds.
Respiratory System anatomy –con’t The Epiglottis – is a flap of cartilage that covers the
trachea when you swallow, to prevent aspiration of
food.
The Trachea – is also known as the “windpipe” and
is made of cartilage so that it does not collapse easily.
At the inferior end of the trachea, it divides into two
stems, known as the Bronchi, one leading to each
lung.
Respiratory System Anatomy – Con’t The Bronchioles – are the smallest tubes at the end of
the bronchi.
At the end of each bronchiole are Alveoli.
Alveoli are the small air sacs in which gas exchange
takes place. They are thin walled, and covered with
capillaries. Oxygen enters the bloodstream and CO2
leaves the bloodstream here.
Both of these structures lie within a larger structure,
the LUNGS.  The lungs lie in an area called the
“pleural space”
Respiratory System anatomy - Con’t -
The respiratory tract is lined with special cells
that have cilia.
Cilia are tiny projections, like fingers, that move
impurities out of the airway to the throat. There,
they can be coughed out or swallowed.
Ever wonder what makes the “smoker’s cough”???
The smoke from cigarettes destroys the cilia, so debris is
not swept out of the respiratory system, but enters the
lungs. This leads to cough, mucous in the lungs,
bronchitis, and pneumonia.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=miEEluVlemQ&featu
re=related
The Diaphragm is a muscle that sits under the lungs.
•Movement of the diaphragm muscle downward, and the
ribcage forward allows inhalation of air.
•Movement of the diaphragm upward, and the ribcage
inward, allows exhalation of air.
Surfactant
Cells in the alveoli
produce a substance
called surfactant.
Surfactant helps
prevent the collapse of
alveoli and eases the
expansion of the lungs.
The wonders of surfactant!
Very preterm babies have lungs that do not yet produce
surfactant. This is one of the most critical issues of preemies.
Long ago, a very preterm baby could not survive. Now,
babies as young as 23 weeks gestation (normal pregnancy is
40 weeks) have a chance of survival.
Surfactant can be administered by placing a tube in the
trachea.
We can make it!
Respiration
Respiration is regulated by the brain,
in response to chemical stimuli created
by the body.
The medulla and pons, in the brain
stem, control the respiratory rate.
When carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in the blood
change, chemoreceptors detect this and send signals to our
nervous system. Our respiratory rate will change to
normalize the CO2 or O2 levels in our blood.
http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?v=zX7a51
620305036844477802&t=Respiratory-System
What else is the Medulla Oblongata
good for???
Well, maybe neither Mama nor Colonel
Sanders was right in this case.
While the Medulla Oblongata controls
things like reflexes, swallowing, heart
rate, respiratory rate, and even plays a
part in our “fight or flight” response,
other areas of the brain play a greater
role in emotion.
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
Upper Respiratory Infection (URI) is an infection
involves the nose and throat.
Examples can include a common cold, strep throat, or a
sinus infection.
Symptoms may or may not include: fever, headache,
runny nose, cough, sore throat, sneezing, and “head”
congestion.
Problems with Respiration….
Tachypnea – fast breathing
Apnea – temporary cessation of breathing
Dyspnea – labored or difficult breathing
Orthopnea - Discomfort when breathing, except in upright or forward
leaning positions
Cyanosis – a blue color of the skin caused by a low amount of oxygen
in the blood
Hypoxia – lower than normal oxygen levels in the tissues
Oh, dear! They
seem
CYANOTIC!
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
Influenza – or flu, is a communicable disease
characterized by inflammation of the upper respiratory
tract, fever, aches and pains. It may spread to the trachea
and bronchi, which can lead to pneumonia.
Pneumonia – is an inflammation of the lungs in which the
air spaces become filled with fluid. Bacteria and viruses
may be responsible. Those who are already sick or have
had surgery are especially at risk.
TB – or tuberculosis, is a bacterial infection. It can travel
in the air. The bacteria can cause lesions, or sores, on the
lungs, which may break down lung tissue. Can be deadly
if not treated, and is very contagious!
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
Asthma – is a condition where the airway becomes
inflamed, and restricts the flow of air into and out of the
lungs. This creates a wheezing sound that is usually easily
heard. Wheezing is high-pitched, and may even sound like
a whistling noise when the sufferer tries to breathe.
COPD – Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, includes
chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This can be caused by
lung damage such as damage cause by smoking. COPD
can lead to death if one’s health habits are not adjusted.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YG0-ukhU1xE
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
Lung Cancer is the most common cause
of cancer deaths. Smokers have a 10X
greater risk of suffering from this cancer
than does someone who does not smoke.
Sometimes, a tumor on the lung can be
removed, and sometimes a large part of
the lung must be removed. If the tumor
grows until the person’s airway is
blocked, they cannot survive. Cancer, of
course, can spread to other parts of the
body and cause many other problems.
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
Pneumothorax – (collapsed lung) occurs hen air enters the
space around the lung. This may be caused by a wound, or
a broken rib puncturing the pleural space, the space the
lung sits in.
Hemothorax – occurs when the chest is wounded and the
person has blood collecting into the pleural space.
Both conditions can cause trouble breathing, and medical
professionals must insert a large needle into the pleural
space to drain off the excess air or blood.
Thoracentesis is the name
of the procedure in which
the pleural space is emptied
of excess blood, fluid, or
air. This will assist the
lung to re-expand so that
the patient can breathe
easier.
Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Issues
Cough – forceful and sometimes
violent expiratory effort preceded
by a preliminary inspiration.
Non productive/unproductive –
not effective in bringing up
sputum “dry cough”
Productive – effective in bringing
up sputum
More Signs and Symptoms
Sneeze – To expel air forcibly through the
the nose and mouth by spasmodic
contraction of muscles of expiration due to
irritation of nasal mucosa
Epistaxis – hemorrhage from the nose;
nosebleed
Expectoration – the act of spitting out
saliva or coughing up materials from the
air passageways leading to the lungs
Rales – produced by passage of air through
bronchi that contain secretion or exudates
or that are constricted by spasm or a
thickening of their walls. (crackles)
Rhonchi – rales or rattlings in the throat,
especially when it resembles snoring
Stridor – harsh sound during respiration ;
high pitched and resembling the blowing of
the wind, due to obstruction of passages
Wheeze – a whistling sound or sighing
sound resulting from narrowing of the
lumen of a respirator passageway
Breath Sounds audio
More Signs and Symptoms
Hemoptysis – expectoration of blood
arising from the oral cavity, larynx,
trachea, bronchi or lungs
Rhinorrhea – watery discharge from the
nose
Pleural rub – friction rub caused by
inflammation of the pleural space
Use your computer to research each
of these respiratory disorders.
Rhinitis
Pharyngitis
Croup
Pertussis
Diphtheria
Bronchitis
Tuberculosis
Diagnostic Techniques
Laryngoscopy
Bronchoscopy
Sputum specimen
Chest x-ray
Pulmonary function tests
Thoracentesis
Why would these diagnostic techniques be
performed?
Careers
Respiratory Therapist – provides therapy
to those who are having respiratory
issues. This may include starting an
oxygen treatment, intubating a patient
(putting a breathing tube down their
trachea for artificial ventilation),
instructing them on breathing exercises
to keep their lungs healthy and prevent
pneumonia while in the hospital, and
collecting blood specimens to test the
oxygen and CO2 levels.
Pulmonologist – a medical doctor who
specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of
disorders, diseases, and abnormalities of the
respiratory system.
I hope you’ve all learned a lot about the respiratory
system’s anatomy, some of the disorders that can
affect it, and a few of the great careers that are
available to treat people with respiratory disorders.
In groups of two, select a stethescope and return to
your seat. We will now learn to assess the respiratory
system.