Transcript Surface anatomy

Chapter
1
An Introduction
to Anatomy and
Physiology
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by Jason LaPres
Lone Star College - North Harris
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.1
The common functions
of all living things include
responsiveness, growth,
reproduction, movement,
and metabolism
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Living Things
• All living organisms share the following
characteristics
– Responsiveness
– Growth
– Reproduction
– Movement (internal movement, locomotion)
– Metabolism
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1.2
Anatomy is structure,
and physiology is function
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Anatomy
• Anatomy describes the structures of the
body
– What they are made of
– Where they are located
– Associated structures
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Anatomy
• Gross anatomy, or macroscopic
anatomy, examines large, visible
structures
– Surface anatomy: exterior features
– Regional anatomy: body areas
– Systemic anatomy: groups of organs working
together
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Anatomy
• Microscopic anatomy examines cells
and molecules
– Cytology: study of cells and their structures:
• cyt- = cell
– Histology: study of tissues and their structures
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Physiology
• Physiology is the study of
– Functions of anatomical structures
– Individual and cooperative functions
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Physiology
• Cell physiology: processes within and between
cells
• Special physiology: functions of specific
organs
• Systemic physiology: functions of an organ
system
• Pathological physiology: effects of diseases
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1.3
Levels of organization
progress from atoms and
molecules to a
complete organism
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Levels of Organization
• Chemical (or Molecular) Level
– Atoms are the smallest chemical units
– Molecules are a group of atoms working together
• Cellular Level
– Cells are a group of atoms, molecules, and organelles
working together
• Tissue Level
– Tissues are a group of similar cells working together
• Organ Level
– An organ is a group of different tissues working
together
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Levels of Organization
• Organ System Level
– Organ systems are a group of organs working
together
– Humans have 11 organ systems
• Organism Level
– A human is an organism
Levels of Organization
Organ Systems
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Levels of Organization
Figure 1-1
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1.4
The human body consists
of 11 organ systems
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Integumentary System
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Skeletal System
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Muscular System
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Nervous System
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Endocrine System
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Circulatory System
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Lymphatic System
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Respiratory System
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Digestive System
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Urinary System
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Male Reproductive System
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Female Reproductive System
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1.5
Homeostasis is the tendency
toward internal balance
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Homeostasis
• Homeostasis: all body systems working
together to maintain a stable internal
environment
– Systems respond to external and internal
changes to function within a normal range
(body temperature, fluid balance)
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Homeostasis
• Receptor
– Receives the stimulus
• Control Center
– Processes the signal and sends instructions
• Effector
– Carries out instructions
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The Control of Room Temperature
Figure 1-3
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1.6
Negative feedback opposes
variations from normal,
whereas positive feedback
exaggerates them
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Negative Feedback
• The Role of Negative Feedback
– The response of the effector negates the
stimulus
– Body is brought back into homeostasis
• Normal range is achieved
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Negative Feedback in
Thermoregulation
Figure 1-4
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Positive Feedback
• The Role of Positive Feedback
– The response of the effector increases
change of the stimulus
– Body is moved away from homeostasis
• Normal range is lost
– Used to speed up processes
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Positive Feedback
Figure 1-5
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The Big Picture
• Systems integration
– Organ systems work together to maintain
homeostasis
• Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium
– Opposing forces are in balance
• Physiological systems work to restore
balance
– Failure results in disease or death
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1.7
Anatomical terms describe
body regions, anatomical
positions and directions, and
body sections
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Surface Anatomy
• Anatomical Landmarks
– Anatomical position: hands at sides, palms forward
– Supine: lying down, face up
– Prone: lying down, face down
• Anatomical Regions
– Body regions
– Abdominopelvic quadrants
– Abdominopelvic regions
• Anatomical Directions
– Reference terms based on subject
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Anatomical Landmarks:
Anterior View
Figure 1-6
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Anatomical Landmarks:
Anterior View
Figure 1-6
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Anatomical Landmarks:
Posterior View
Figure 1-6
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Anatomical Landmarks:
Posterior View
Figure 1-6
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Figure 1-7
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Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1-7
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Abdominopelvic Relationships
Figure 1-7
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Directional References:
Lateral View
Figure 1-8
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Directional References:
Lateral View
Figure 1-8
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Sectional Anatomy
• Planes and sections
– Plane: a three-dimensional axis
– Section: a slice parallel to a plane
– Used to visualize internal organization and
structure
– Important in radiological techniques:
• MRI
• PET
• CT
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Anatomical Planes
Figure 1-9
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1.8
Body cavities protect
internal organs and allow
them to change shape
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Body Cavities
• Body cavities have two essential functions
– Protect organs from accidental shocks
– Permit changes in size and shape of internal organs
• Ventral body cavity (coelom)
– Divided by the diaphragm:
• Thoracic cavity
• Abdominopelvic cavity
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Body Cavities
• Serous Membranes
– Line body cavities and cover organs
– Consist of parietal layer and visceral layer
• Parietal layer — lines cavity
• Visceral layer — covers organ
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The Thoracic Cavity
• Separated into regions
– Right and left pleural cavities:
• Contain right and left lungs
– Mediastinum
• Upper portion filled with blood vessels,
trachea, esophagus, and thymus
• Lower portion contains pericardial cavity:
– The heart is located within the pericardial
cavity
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The Ventral Body Cavity and Its
Subdivisions
Figure 1-10
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The Abdominopelvic Cavity
• Peritoneal cavity — chamber within
abdominopelvic cavity
– Parietal peritoneum lines the internal body
wall
– Visceral peritoneum covers the organs
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The Abdominopelvic Cavity
• Abdominal cavity — superior portion
– Diaphragm to top of pelvic bones
– Contains digestive organs
• Pelvic cavity — inferior portion
– Within pelvic bones
– Contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder
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X-Rays
Figure 1-11
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Figure 1-12
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