Transcript Biology_Fishes

Marine Fishes
Biology of Fishes
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I) Body Shape
A) Directly related to
lifestyle
B) Useful for camouflage
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II) Coloration
A) Chromatophores
1) Special skin cells that
create colored pigment
in bony fish
2) Crystals in the skin,
contained in
iridophores, reflect only
certain colors of light
called structural colors
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II) Coloration
B) Warning coloration
1) Dangerous, poisonous, or
bad tasting
C) Cryptic coloration
1) Blending in with the
environment
D) Disruptive coloring
1) Color stripes, bars, or spots
that help break up the outline
of a a fish
E) Countershading
1) Having a silver or white belly
contrasting a dark back for
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camouflage or concealment
II) Coloration
B) Warning coloration
1) Dangerous, poisonous, or
bad tasting
C) Cryptic coloration
1) Blending in with the
environment
D) Disruptive coloring
1) Color stripes, bars, or spots
that help break up the outline
of a a fish
E) Countershading
1) Having a silver or white belly
contrasting a dark back for
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camouflage or concealment
II) Coloration
B) Warning coloration
1) Dangerous, poisonous, or
bad tasting
C) Cryptic coloration
1) Blending in with the
environment
D) Disruptive coloring
1) Color stripes, bars, or spots
that help break up the outline
of a a fish
E) Countershading
1) Having a silver or white belly
contrasting a dark back for
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camouflage or concealment
II) Coloration
B) Warning coloration
1) Dangerous, poisonous, or
bad tasting
C) Cryptic coloration
1) Blending in with the
environment
D) Disruptive coloring
1) Color stripes, bars, or spots
that help break up the outline
of a a fish
E) Countershading
1) Having a silver or white belly
contrasting a dark back for
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camouflage or concealment
III) Locomotion
A) Fish swim with a
rhythmic side-to-side,
S-shaped movement
using bands of muscles
called myomeres
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III) Locomotion
A) Fish swim with a
rhythmic side-to-side,
S-shaped movement
using bands of muscles
called myomeres
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III) Locomotion
B) Sharks have stiff
pectoral fins & a longer
upper lobe of caudal fin
to provide lift to
counterbalance sinking
1) No swim bladder
2) Dorsal & anal fins act as
a rudder
3) Pelvic fins help fish turn,
balance, and break
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IV) Feeding
A) Most sharks are
carnivores
B) Some cartilaginous
fishes are filter feeders
1) Use gill rakers, located
on the gill arches
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IV) Feeding
C) Protrusible jaws of
bony fish allow for a
greater diversity of
feeding mechanisms
1) Carnivores
2) Grazers
3) Filter feeders
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V) Digestive System
A) After swallowing, food
passes through the
pharynx, the
esophagus, into the Jshaped stomach, &
then to the intestine
1) Pyloric caeca in
intestine secrete
enzymes
2) Pancreas secretes
enzymes into intestine
B) Liver secretes bile to
breakdown fats
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V) Digestive System
C) Cartilaginous fish have
a spiral valve in
intestine to increase
absorption
1) The cloaca is the
common opening for the
excretory, digestive, &
reproductive systems
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VI) Circulatory System
A) All fish have a twochambered heart
B) Gas exchange occurs at
gills
C) O2-rich blood is carried by
arteries towards body
cells, & O2-poor blood is
carried back to heart by
veins
D) Capillaries are thin-walled
vessels where gas
exchange with body cells
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occurs
VI) Circulatory System
A) All fish have a twochambered heart
B) Gas exchange occurs at
gills
C) O2-rich blood is carried by
arteries towards body
cells, & O2-poor blood is
carried back to heart by
veins
D) Capillaries are thin-walled
vessels where gas
exchange with body cells
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occurs
VII) Respiratory System
A) Sharks continuously
swim, opening &
closing mouth to force
H2O over gills
1) Spiracles: modified first
gill that allows H2O to be
pumped over gills
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VII) Respiratory System
A) Sharks continuously
swim, opening &
closing mouth to force
H2O over gills
1) Spiracles: modified first
gill that allows H2O to be
pumped over gills
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VII) Respiratory System
B) Fish breath by opening
& closing operculum &
mouth
C) Gill arches are bony
structures that support
gills
D) Gills have projections
called gill filaments
1) Lamellae are plates on
filaments that contain
capillaries
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VII) Respiratory System
B) Fish breathe by opening
& closing operculum &
mouth
C) Gill arches are bony
structures that support
gills
D) Gills have projections
called gill filaments
1) Lamellae are plates on
filaments that contain
capillaries
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VII) Respiratory System
E) Gas exchange occurs
via diffusion
F) Blood in gills flows
opposite the water,
known as concurrent
system of flow
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VII) Respiratory System
G) Erythrocytes, or red
blood cells, use
hemoglobin to pick-up
and release O2
H) Muscles use
myoglobin to store O2
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VII) Respiratory System
G) Erythrocytes, or red
blood cells, use
hemoglobin to pick-up
and release O2
H) Muscles use
myoglobin to store O2
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VIII) Regulation of Internal Environment
A) Bony fish blood is less
salty than seawater, so
they lose H20 via
osmosis & must
osmoregulate
1) Swallow seawater to
replace H20,
2) Salts removed by
kidneys & chloride
cells in gills
3) Conserve H20 by
producing small amounts
of urine
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VIII) Regulation of Internal Environment
B) Cartilaginous fish have
increased salts in blood
(urea), to make blood
about as salty as
seawater
1) Also drink water &
remove excess salts
using kidneys, intestine,
& rectal gland
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IX) Nervous System & Sensory Organs
A) Central nervous
system consists of
brain & spinal cord
B) Fish smell using
olfactory sacs on the
side of the head,
opening through nares
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IX) Nervous System & Sensory Organs
C) Taste buds are found
in mouth, on lips, fins,
skin, & barbels
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IX) Nervous System & Sensory Organs
D) Fish eyes focus by
moving eye closer or
farther from subject
(bulging)
E) Sharks have a
nictitating membrane
that protects eye from
sun & during feeding
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IX) Nervous System & Sensory Organs
D) Fish eyes focus by
moving eye closer or
farther from subject
(bulging)
E) Sharks have a
nictitating membrane
that protects eye from
sun & during feeding
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IX) Nervous System & Sensory Organs
D) Fish eyes focus by
moving eye closer or
farther from subject
(bulging)
E) Sharks have a
nictitating membrane
that protects eye from
sun & during feeding
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IX) Nervous System & Sensory Organs
F) Lateral line
1) Series of small canals
that are lined with
sensory neurons called
neuromasts
2) Senses vibrations
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IX) Nervous System & Sensory Organs
G) Detect weak electrical
signals using the
ampullae of Lorenzini
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IX) Nervous System & Sensory Organs
H) Inner ear is located just
behind eyes
1) Detect sounds using
calcareous ear stones,
or otoliths, attached to
sensory hair
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X) Behavior
A) Territoriality
1) Defending a home area
against intruders
2) Variety of aggressive
behaviors to defend
territory
B) Schooling
1) Protection from
predators
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X) Behavior
C) Migrations
1) Regular mass
movements from one
place to another once a
day, a year, or a lifetime
2) Feeding
3) Reproduction
a) Anadromous: fish that
spend their lives at sea
but breed in fresh water
b) Catadromous: fish that
breed at sea grow and
mature in fresh water37
X) Behavior
C) Migrations
1) Regular mass
movements from one
place to another once a
day, a year, or a lifetime
2) Feeding
3) Reproduction
a) Anadromous: fish that
spend their lives at sea
but breed in fresh water
b) Catadromous: fish that
breed at sea grow and
mature in fresh water38
XI) Reproduction & Life History
A) Jawless & bony fish
have a separate
opening for urine &
gametes, the
urogenital opening,
located just behind the
anus
B) Timing of reproduction
controlled by sex
hormones
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XI) Reproduction & Life History
C) Hermaphrodism
D) Sex reversal: start off
as one sex and switch
to other sex
1) AKA: sequential
hermaphrodism
2) Sea bass, grouper,
parrotfish, & wrasses
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XI) Reproduction & Life History
C) Hermaphrodism
D) Sex reversal: start off
as one sex and switch
to other sex
1) AKA: sequential
hermaphrodism
2) Sea bass, grouper,
parrotfish, & wrasses
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XI) Reproduction & Life History
C) Hermaphrodism
D) Sex reversal: start off
as one sex and switch
to other sex
1) AKA: sequential
hermaphrodism
2) Sea bass, grouper,
parrotfish, & wrasses
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XI) Reproduction & Life History
C) Hermaphrodism
D) Sex reversal: start off
as one sex and switch
to other sex
1) AKA: sequential
hermaphrodism
2) Sea bass, grouper,
parrotfish, & wrasses
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XI) Reproduction & Life History
E) Many bony fish change
color to advertise
readiness to breed
F) Courtship is a series of
behaviors that serve to
attract mates
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XI) Reproduction & Life History
E) Many bony fish change
color to advertise
readiness to breed
F) Courtship is a series of
behaviors that serve to
attract mates
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XI) Reproduction & Life History
G) External fertilization,
or broadcast
spawning
H) Some fish have
internal fertilization
1) ♂ sharks, skates, & rays
have two copulatory
organs called claspers
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XI) Reproduction & Life History
I)
Most bony & some
cartilaginous fish are
oviparous
1) Eggs are fertilized outside of
the female
J) Some cartilaginous fish are
ovoviparous
1) Female retains the eggs
inside her for additional
protection
K) Some sharks & rays are
viviparous
1) Embryo’s absorb nutrients
from the wall’s of the mothers
reproductive tract
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