Transcript blood vessels - El Camino College

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Respiration: involves
1.
Breathing
2.
transport of gases
3.
exchange of
gases: O2 for
cellular
respiration and
removal of waste
CO2
1. Breathing: active pumping of air in and out
– Inhalation- muscular contraction causes chest cavity to expand
– Exhalation- ribs and diaphragm return to their original position
• human breath: moves 0.5 L of air-tidal volume
• extra amount forced into and out of the lung, 4.5 L in men and
3.1 L in women- vital capacity
• air remaining in the lung, 1.2 L-residual volume or dead
volume
2. Transport of gases
- air inhaled through the
nostrils
- Passes through the
pharynx and larynx
- into the trachea, bronchi,
and bronchioles
Nasal
cavity
Pharynx
(Esophagus)
Larynx
Left lung
Trachea
Right lung
• Lungs: air inhaled mixes
with old air already in the
lung
• inner surface many small
chambers called alveoli
Bronchus
-
Bronchiole
Diaphragm
(Heart)
0
3. The bronchioles end in clusters of tiny sacs called
alveoli: Where gas exchange occurs
Blood transports respiratory
gases:
Inhaled air
Exhaled air
Alveolar
epithelial
cells
• The heart pumps oxygen-poor
blood to the lungs>>>> picks up
O2 and drops off CO2
Air spaces
CO2
O2
Alveolar
capillaries of lung
CO2-rich,
O2-poor
blood
O2-rich,
CO2-poor
blood
Heart
Tissue
capillaries
CO2 Interstitial O2
fluid
Tissue cells
throughout body
• Then the heart pumps the oxygenrich blood to body cells>>> drops
off O2 and picks up CO2
0
• Hemoglobin, in red blood cells,
carries O2 and helps transport
CO2 and buffer the blood
Iron atom
O2 loaded
in lungs
O2 unloaded
in tissues
Heme group
Polypeptide chain
Smoking
342,000 Americans
die of lung disease
90% lung cancer cases due
to smoking
Other cancers: mouth, throat,
bladder, pancreas, other organs
Smoking
Lung and air sacs are very delicate!!!
Particles easily produce damage
Healthy Lung
Smoker’s Emphysema Diseased Lung
Circulation and Respiration
Deoxygenated
Blood
Oxygenated
Blood
Oxygenated
Blood
Deoxygenated
Blood
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
functions
1) Transports O2 and CO2
2) Distributes nutrients
3) Transports waste products/toxic substances
4) Distributes hormones
5) Regulates body temperature
6) Clots blood
7) Protects body (immune system)
circulatory system
(cardiovascular
system) parts:
– heart—a muscular
pump that pushes
blood through the
body
– blood—fluid that
circulates through the
vessels
– blood vessels—a
network of tubes
through which the
blood moves
heart
• contraction of the
muscle
• Parts: 2 top
Left Atrium
atria, 2 bottom
ventricles
• Valves: heart flaps
that maintain
direction of blood
flow
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left
Ventricle
Blood Vessels
Vein
Vein
RIGHT
ATRIUM
RIGHT
VENTRICLE
Artery
LEFT
ATRIUM
LEFT
VENTRICLE
Artery
Blood
• Blood plasma
• metabolites and wastes:
glucose, vitamins, hormones
• salts and ions: sodium, chloride,
and bicarbonate
• Proteins: help osmotic balance,
antibodies, fibrinogen for blood
clotting
Blood – Red Blood Cells (RBC)
Function: carries O2 in blood
99% cells
Hemoglobin
Blood – White Blood Cells
Function: Protection from foreign invasion
Blood - Platelets
Function: Blood clotting
Blood Vessels
Network of channels where blood flows through
Arteries = carry blood away from heart
Veins = carry blood towards heart
Capillaries = thin vessels
Molecule exchange
- Artery- layers of the arterial wall are elastic to expand with the pressure
caused by contraction of the heartT
- Veins- return blood to the heart,hwalls are thin, have unidirectional valves that
prevent the flow of blood backwards
e
- Arterioles and venules- small in diameter
s
t
-Capillaries
-where oxygen and food molecules are transferred from the blood to the
body’s cells
-narrow and thin walls>> slow blood flow, one cell at a time
Cardiovascular Diseases
Disease of heart and blood vessels: Leading cause
of death in US (871,500 in 2004)
• Hypertension – high blood pressure
• heart attacks- insufficient blood reaching heart
• Strokes- interference in blood to the brain
• Atherosclerosis- accumulation within the
arteries that cause a reduction in blood flow
Atherosclerosis – hardening of arteries
Plaques form and clot the blood flow
IMMUNOLOGY
• Innate defenses against infections
>> include the skin and mucous membranes, phagocytic cells,
and antimicrobial proteins
>> present and effective long before exposure to
• world’s 7
deadliest
diseases
Viral Diseases
• Infect-kill many more people
• Ex:
– Influenza: biggest killer virus worldwide
– West Nile
– SARS
– hepatitis
– HIV
DEFENSES
• Physical defense:
– Skin
• chemical defense:
– oil glands make the skin surface very acidic
– sweat contains enzyme lysozyme, which attacks and digests the
cell walls of many bacteria
– Eyes: tears contain lysozyme to fight bacteria
– digestive tract: stomach acid and digestive enzymes provide
protection in the digestive tract
– respiratory tracts: sticky mucus traps most microrganisms in the
respiratory tract
• Lymphatic system
SKIN:
– epidermis:
• 10 to 30 cells thick
• cells are shed
continuously
– dermis:
• 20 times thicker
• structural support
• fat-rich cells for shock
absorbers and insulation
LYMPAHTIC SYSTEM
- crucial battleground during
infection
- is a network of:
- lymphatic vessels
- organs
- Major functions:
1. central storage and distribution
of white cells
2. returns proteins to circulation,
if remain in the tissues causes
swelling or edema
3. transports fats absorbed from
the intestine
Adenoid
Tonsil
Lymph nodes
Right lymphatic
duct, entering
vein
Thoracic duct,
entering vein
Lymph node
Masses of
lymphocytes and
macrophages
Thymus
Valve
Thoracic
duct
Lymphatic vessel
Blood capillary
Tissue cells
Appendix
Bone
marrow
Spleen
Interstitial fluid
Lymphatic
vessels
Lymphatic
capillary
- vessels collect fluid from body tissues>>> return it as lymph to the blood
- Lymph organs, spleen and lymph nodes, are packed with white blood cells
that fight infections
•The immune response
– The immune system encounters foreign
molecules called antigens
– The immune system reacts to antigens and
“remembers” an invader
• The temperature response: fever:
– body’s thermostat rises above the normal
37°C
– human pathogenic bacteria do not grow
well at high temperatures
– fever curbs microbial growth but it can be
dangerous because it might inactivate
critical cellular enzymes
• The inflammatory response mobilizes nonspecific
defense forces
– Tissue damage releases signals, such as prostaglandins and
histamine
– causes the blood flow to increase and capillaries stretch
– phagocyte cells migrate to the site of infection and attack the invaders
– many of these cells die and form the pus of the curing infection or
wound
White blood cells : to kill
invading microbes:
– Macrophages: ingest
bacteria
– natural killer cells:
attack body cells that
are infected by
puncturing the
membranes and allows
water to rush in burst
the cell (CANCEL
CELLS)
White blood cells: LYMPHOCYTES
–
–
origin bone marrow,maturation in
thymus
Attack cells infected with pathogens
Stem cell
Via
blood
Immature lymphocyte
B cell:
•
•
–
Thymus
T cell :
–
–
Bone marrow
Origin+maturation in bone marrow
produce antibodies that attack
antigens
Memory cells: derivatives from
B/T cells after an exposure to an
antigen
Antigen
receptors
B cell
Humoral
immunity
Other parts of
the lymphatic
system
T cell
Cell-mediated
immunity
Via
blood
Lymph nodes, spleen,
and other lymphatic
organs
Final maturation
of B and T cells
in lymphatic
organ
Antibodies
– proteins in the immunoglobulin (Ig) family: IgA, IgD,
IgE, IgG, IgM; 109 diff Ab
– promote agglutination, external secretions, release of
histamine
HIV
• 2nd biggest killer virus:
people infected 42 mill
• Drugs help live longer
• destroys T cells,
compromising the
body’s defenses
opening the way for
opportunistic
infection>> Kaposi’s
sarcoma
Vaccination
1. introduction of a dead or
disabled pathogen
2. triggers immune
response against the
pathogen
3. body response by
making: Ab and
memory cells so second
infection is halted much
earlier
flu epidemic (1918)
killed 20 million people
in 18 months
Allergies are overreactions to certain environmental
antigens due to abnormal sensitivities to antigens
(allergens) in the surroundings
An allergic reaction
The house dust mite
Resistance to Antibiotics
• Rabidly producing infectious bacteria are
becoming genetically resistant to
antibiotics due to:
– Genetic resistance: Spread of bacteria
around the globe by humans, overuse of
pesticides which produce pesticide resistant
insects that carry bacteria.
– Overuse of antibiotics
• EX: Global Threat from Tuberculosis