Transcript cells

1. What are the steps of the scientific
method?
• Problem
• Gather information
• Hypothesis
• Experiment
• Observation
• Conclusion
• Repeat
2. What is a hypothesis?
• Educated guess
3. In which step is data organized and analyzed?
• Observation
4. Which step tests the hypothesis?
• Experiment
5. What must be done to make an experiment
more valid?
• Repeat, increase sample size
6. A student wanted to test whether salt affects the
growth of plants. He gave Plant A water and Plant B
salt water. After 2 weeks, Plant B died. Identify the:
a. Independent variable
• salt
b. Dependent variable
• growth
c. Control group
• Plant A
d. Experimental group
• Plant B
e. 3 Constants
• Type of plant, sunlight, temperature, amount of soil
7. What is another name for the metric system?
• SI = System International
8. Identify the metric unit for each form of
measurement:
a. Mass
• Grams
b. Length
• Meter
c. Volume
• Liter
d. Temperature
• Degrees Celsius
e. Time
• seconds
9. What is the length of this pencil?
• 8.3 cm
10. Convert the following measurements:
a.146.87 cm = ____km
•0.0014687
b. 8.498 L = _____ mL
•8498 mL
11. A student placed 10.5 mL of water into
a graduated cylinder. An object was placed
into the same graduated cylinder. The
water level went up to 16.5 mL. What is
the volume of the object?
• 16.5 – 10.5 =
• 6.0 mL
12. Determine the volume of an object
with the following dimensions:
L = 1.56cm w = 4.3cm H = 1.757cm
•V=l x w x h
• V = 1.56 cm x 4.3 cm x 1.757 cm
3
• V = 11.8 cm
13. Determine the density of an object with a mass of
156.3 g and a volume of 45.2 mL. Show all work.
• D = m/v
• D = 156.3g/45.2mL
• D = 3.5 g/mL
a. Does this object float or sink in water? Why?
• Sinks because it’s more dense than water.
b. If this object is cut in half, what is the density of
each half?
• 3.5 g/mL
14. What is the function of the diaphragm?
• Controls amount of light used
15. Explain the difference between the coarse
adjustment knob and the fine adjustment.
• Coarse: focusing under low power
• Fine: focusing under high power
16. Label the compound light microscope below.
eyepiece
Body tube
nosepiece
Objective lens
stage
diaphragm
mirror
base
arm
Coarse adj.
Fine adj.
17. Why can’t we use the coarse adjustment when
using the high power objective?
• You can break the objective lens or slide
18. When making a wet mount, why should you lower
the cover slip on an angle?
•To avoid air bubbles
19. What is the diameter of the field of view
below?
a. In millimeters =
• 7.0 mm
b. In micrometers =
• 7000.0 um
20. The diameter of the field of view is 2000
um. What is the length of the object in this field
of view?
a. Millimeters:
• 1 mm
b. Micrometers:
• 1000 um
21. The diameter of the field of view is 5000
um. What is the length of one of these objects?
a. Millimeters =
• 1.25 mm
b. Micrometers =
• 1250 um
22. An object is observed in the field of
view below. In which direction should you
theisslide
in order in
to center
the of vie
n move
object
observed
the field
image?
•left
23. How does a specimen
appear when looking at it
under a microscope?
•Upside down and
backwards
CHEMISTRY
24. What are the 3 parts of an atom?
• Electrons, protons, neutrons
25. Identify the part of an atom being
described:
a. Positive charge
• proton
b. Found moving around nucleus
• electron
c. Negative charge
• electron
d. Found in the nucleus
• Protons and neutrons
e. No charge
• neutrons
f. Smallest mass
• Electron
26. What is the difference between a chemical
symbol and a chemical formula?
• Chemical symbols = elements
• Chemical formula = compound
27. What is the difference between an element
and a compound?
• Element = simple substance that cannot be
broken down into anything more simple
• Compound = 2 or more elements chemically
combined.
28. What is the difference between a compound
and a mixture?
• Compound = chemically combined
• Mixture = physically combined
29. A solution is made using sugar and water.
What part of the solution is the:
a. Solute
• Sugar
b. Solvent
• water
30. Describe 1 way to increase the solubility of
this solution.
• Heat it up
31. Explain the difference between a physical
property and a chemical property. Give an
example of each.
• Physical property = describe appearance,
measurement, color
• Chemical property = describes how material
can change, flammability
32. Explain the difference between a physical
change and a chemical change. Give an example
of each.
• Physical change = not producing new
substance, melting
• Chemical change = new substance produced,
burning
33. Identify the phase of matter being described
below:
a. molecules very far apart, move very fast
• Gas
b. molecules slide past each other
• Liquid
c. molecules packed tightly together
• Solid
34. For each phase change below, identify how
the material is changing, and whether heat is
being absorbed or released
a. Melting
• Solid  liquid, absorbed
b. Freezing
• Liquid  solid, released
c. Evaporation
• Liquid  gas, absorbed
d. Condensation
• Gas  liquid, released
35. Identify the parts of the periodic table being
described below
a. rows
• periods
b. columns
• Groups/families
c. Group 18
• Noble Gases
d. Brittle
• nonmetals
e. Group 1
• Alkali Metals
f. All elements to the left of the zig zag line
• metals
g. Elements to the right of the zig zag line
• nonmetals
h. Ductile & malleable
• Metals
i. On zig zag line
• Semi-metals/metalloids
j. Group 2
• Alkaline Earth Metals
36. Atomic number
• # of protons = # of electrons
37. Mass number
• # of protons + # of neutrons
CLASSIFICATION
38. What are the 7 levels of classification from largest to
smallest?
• Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
39. How do we name organisms?
• Genus species
40. What is homeostasis?
• Maintaining a stable internal environment
41. What is the difference between an autotroph and a
heterotroph?
• Autotrophs can make their own food. Heterotrophs
cannot make their own food.
42.KINGDOM
CHARACTERISTICS
EXAMPLES
1. Archaebacteria
Unicelluar
Prokaryotic
hot springs, thermal
vents, cyanobacteria
2. Eubacteria
Unicellular
Prokaryotic
Bacteria found
everywhere
3. Protists
Unicellular
Eukaryotic
ameba, paramecium
4. Fungi
Mostly multicellular
Heterotrophs
mushroom, mold, yeast
5. Plants
Multicellular
Autotrophs
trees, grass
6. Animals
Multicellular
Heterotrophs
humans, dogs, insects
CELLS
43. What are the 3 parts of the cell theory?
• Cells are the basic unit of structure in all living things.
• Cells are the basic unit of function in all living things.
• All cells come from preexisting cells.
44. What are the 3 exceptions to the Cell Theory?
• Viruses are not cells and not made of cells.
• The first cell could not have come from another cell.
• Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA.
45. Identify the scientist who made the
following contributions:
a. All animals are made of cells.
• Schwann
b. Named “cells.”
• Hooke
c. All cells come from preexisting cells.
• Virchow
d. First to look at living cells.
• Leeuwenhoek
46. Identify the organelle being described:
a. Semi-permeable
• Cell membrane
b. Holds organelles in place.
• cytoplasm
c. Controls the cell
• nucleus
d. Gives a plant cell its shape.
• Cell wall
e. Package and ship materials out.
• Golgi bodies
f. Produce proteins.
• Ribosomes
g. Contain enzymes that break down materials.
• lysosomes
h. Carry out photosynthesis.
• Chloroplasts
i. Helps animal cells divide.
• Centrioles
j. Produces ribosomes.
• Nucleolus
k. Carries out respiration.
• Mitochondria
l. Stores materials .
• Vacuole
m. Channels in cytoplasm that transport materials.
• ER
47. Label the cell
organelles
below.
33. Label the cell organelles below.
ER
ribosomes G
chloroplast
H
I
golgi bodies
N
F
Cell wall E
Cell membrane D
nucleolus C
mitochondria
O
B
cytoplasm A
J vacuole
K DNA
L nucleus
M
W
nuclear
membrane
vacuoles
mitochondria
O
P
lysosomes
centrioles
Q
N
J
R
golgi bodies
K
S
cell
membrane
L
M
T
W
ER
cytoplasm
V
U
nuclear nucleus
membrane
48. What are the 5 levels of
organization in a multicellular
organism from smallest to largest?
• Cells  tissues  organs  organ
systems  organism
TRANSPORT
49. a. What are the 2 types of passive transport?
• Diffusion and osmosis
b. What is osmosis?
• Diffusion of water
c. Explain 2 differences between passive and active
transport.
• Passive = high  low, no energy
• Active = low  high, energy required
49.
d. Which way does water move when a cell is placed
in salt water?
• Out of the cell
e. Which way does water move when a cell is placed
in distilledwater?
• Into the cell
RESPIRATION
50. Explain what happens during aerobic respiration.
• Glucose and oxygen combine to produce carbon
dioxide, water vapor (wastes) and 36ATP.
51. Where does respiration occur?
• mitochondria
52. What are the differences between aerobic
respiration and anaerobic respiration?
• Aerobic = oxygen required, makes 36 ATP
• Anaerobic = oxygen not requires, makes 2 ATP
53. Identify the 2 types of anaerobic respiration and
in what organism each occurs.
• Alcoholic fermentation = yeast
• Lactic Acid fermentation = in muscles when they
run out of oxygen
• DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
54. Identify the nutrient being described:
a. Made of amino acids, build and repair
• Proteins
b. Primary source of energy.
• Carbohydrates
c. Organic micronutrients, regulate body
functions
• Vitamins
d. Store energy
• Lipids
e. What makes up most of the body
• Water
f. Inorganic micronutrients, regulate body
functions
• Minerals
g. Some are water soluble, some are fat soluble
• Vitamins
55. How is energy measured in food?
• Calories
56. How does chemical digestion occur in the
mouth?
• Salivary glands make enzyme (salivary
amylase/ptyalin), breaks down starch 
sugar
57. How does mechanical digestion occur in the
mouth?
• Teeth break down food into smaller pieces
58. How does mechanical digestion occur in the
stomach?
• Stomach wall churns food.
59. How does chemical digestion occur in the
stomach?
• Pepsin (enzyme) breaks down proteins
60. Where does chemical digestion end?
• Small intestine (duodenum)
61. What do enzymes made in the small
intestine break down?
• Carbohydrates and proteins
62. What do enzymes in pancreatic juice
break down?
• Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
63. The stomach produces gastric juice.
What is this juice made of?
• Pepsin, hydrochloric acid
64. Where are villi located? What is the
function of the villi?
• Small intestine = absorb nutrients into
blood
65. The liver produces bile. What does
bile break down? How does it do this?
• Fat by emulsification (big droplets 
small)
66. Which organ of the digestive system
reabsorbs water back into the body?
• Large intestine
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
57. Label the parts of the heart below.
aorta
valve
Right
atrium
left
atrium
valve
valve
right
ventricle
left
ventricle
septum
58. What kind of blood does the right side
of the heart receive? Where did it just
come from? Where does it pump blood
to?
• Deoxygenated, from the body, to the
lungs
59. What kind of blood does the left side of
the heart receive? Where did it just come
from? Where does it pump blood to?
• Oxygenated, from the lungs, to the body
60.
BLOOD
VESSEL
a. arteries
CHARACTERISTICS
-carry blood away from heart
-thickest, under most pressure
-pulse
b. veins
-carry blood to heart
-contain valves
c. capillaries -thinnest
-allow materials to be exchanged by
diffusion
-connect arteries to veins
PARTS OF
FUNCTIONS/CHARACTERISTICS
THE BLOOD
a. Red blood -carry oxygen
cells
-contain hemoglobin
-no nucleus, live for 120 days
-most numerous
b. White blood -largest
cells
-fprotect the body against disease
c. platelets
d. plasma
-cell fragments
-produce fibrin to help blood clot
-liquid part that transports materials
BLOOD
TYPE
a. A
ANTIGEN
ANTIBODY
A
Anti-B
b. B
B
Anti -A
c. AB
A and B
None
d. O
None
Anti-A and Anti-B
IMMUNE SYSTEM
61. What is a pathogen?
• Disease causing organism
(bacteria, viruses…)
62. What makes up the body’s first
line of defense?
• Skin, tears, saliva, gastric juice,
cilia, mucus
63. How are antibodies produced? How do
they protect the body against disease?
• By lymphocytes (T-cells tell B-cells to make
antibodies)
• They attach to antigen and slow it down so
phagocytes can kill it
64. Explain the differences between passive
and active immunity?
• Passive = get antibodies from someone else,
temporary
• Active = make your own antibodies,
permanent (get disease, or vaccination)
65. Explain the differences between an infectious and
noninfectious disease.
• Infectious = caused by pathogen, can be spread
• Noninfectious = not caused by pathogen, cannot
be spread
66. How does HIV affect the body?
• Attacks T-cells  destroys immune system
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
67. What is the function of the respiratory
system?
• Gas exchange
68. Where does gas exchange occur in the
respiratory system?
• Between the alveoli and capillaries
69. What 3 things happen in the respiratory system
when you inhale?
• Diaphragm moves down (contracts), pressure
decreases, rib cage expands, air moves into lungs
70. What 3 things happen in the respiratory system
when you exhale?
• Diaphragm moves up (relaxes), pressure
increases, rib cage contracts, air leaves lungs
71. What is emphysema?
• Alveoli are destroyed  not as elastic
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
72. What is excretion?
• Removal of cellular (metabolic) wastes
73. Why are the lungs part of this system?
• They excrete carbon dioxide and water
vapor
74. The liver carries out
deamination. Explain.
• Produces urea by breaking down
amino acids  ammonia  urea
75. The liver carries out
detoxification. Explain.
• Changes toxic materials into less
toxic materials
76. What are the three functions of the kidneys?
• Filters blood, maintains water balance, produces
urine
77. Explain the difference between ureters and the
urethra.
• Ureters carry urine from kidneys to bladder.
• Urethra carries urine to the outside of the body
SKELETAL & MUSCULAR SYSTEMS
78. What is the difference between a ligament
and tendon?
• Ligaments connect bone to bone.
• Tendons connect muscle to bone.
79. Explain the various functions of cartilage.
• Make up body parts (ears and nose)
• Cushions (vertebrae), ends of bones, makes up
skeleton of newborn
80. What are the 5 functions of the
skeletal system?
• Locomotion
• Shape
• Protection
• Produces blood cells
• Stores materials (calcium &
phosphorus)
81. What is a joint?
• Place where bones meet.
82. Identify 4 types of joints.
• Pivot, hinge, ball and socket, gliding
83. Fill in the chart below.
TYPE OF
MUSCLE
VOLUNTARY/
STRIATED/
INVOLUNTARY NONSTRIATED LOCATION
A. skeletal
Voluntary
Striated
Attached to
bones
B. smooth
Involuntary
Nonstriated
C. cardiac
Involuntary
Striated
Digestive
system,
blood
vessels…
heart