Transcript circulation power point

Circulation
Adapted from
Robert F. Allen
Professor of Biology
Oklahoma City Community College
squamous epithelial
smooth muscle
connective tissue
Arterioles
Veinules
So arteries move blood away
from the heart?
1. Yes
2. No
3. Abstain
33%
33%
33%
Venous Pump
 Valves - prevent backflow of blood in
veinules & veins.
 force blood to flow against gravity toward
the heart
 Skeletal muscles
 press against walls of veins
 force to move blood from one valve through
the next toward the heart
 Valves close
 prevent backflow of blood when skeletal
muscles relax
Heart
Venous Pump
Varicose Veins
 Veins that are stretched, dilated &
overfilled with blood
 Contributing causes:
 Weak valves or veins - (heredity)
 Excessive weight
 Excessive standing, straining
 Inadequate exercise
 Increased intra-pelvic pressure pregnancy, constipation
Varicose Veins
Pulmonary Circulation
Transports blood (low in oxygen) from the
right ventricle to the lungs.
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
occurs between alveoli & blood in
pulmonary capillaries.
Returns blood to left atrium.
Pulmonary Circulatory Route
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Pulmonary Arteries
Lungs
Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
Aorta
Systemic Circulation
Provides the functional blood supply to
all tissues of the body.
Supplies Oxygen and other nutrients to
body tissues and organs.
Removes Carbon Dioxide and other
wastes.
Systemic circulation pathways arise from
the aorta and end in the right atrium.
Blood always goes through the
pulmonary circulation before it enters the
systemic circulation.
Coronary Circulation
Supplies Oxygen and nutrients to
myocardium of heart.
Removes Carbon Dioxide & wastes from
myocardium.
Coronary Circulation Pattern
Aorta
Coronary Arteries
Myocardium
Coronary Circulation Pattern
Aorta
Coronary Arteries
Myocardium
Cardiac Veins
Coronary Sinus
Right Atrium
Hepatic Portal Circulation
“PORTAL” veins which carry blood to organs
other than the heart.
Materials absorbed into the blood in the
digestive system are carried into veins into a
single hepatic portal vein which leads to the
liver.
There those materials are processed before the
blood continues on to the heart.
Hepatic Portal Circulation Route
Inferior Vena Cava
Aorta
Celiac Artery
Digestive Organs
Hepatic Portal Vein
Liver
Hepatic Veins
Inferior Vena Cava
Right Atrium
Mixed blood (low in oxygen content) goes
to systemic circulation.
May cause cyanosis
Loss of consciousness
Cerebral anoxia
Blood Functions Distribution
Supplies Oxygen from lungs to cells
Supplies nutrients from digestive system
to cells
Transports metabolic wastes from cells to
disposal sites
Transports hormones to target
tissues/organs
Blood Functions Regulation
Regulates body temperature
Regulates the pH of body fluids
Regulates blood volume to support
efficient circulation to cells, tissues,
organs & systems
State one function of blood
1. Enter answer text...
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Blood Functions Protection
Prevents blood loss
Prevents infection through the
activity of white blood cells,
complement & antibodies
Plasma
Liquid part of blood
Contains:
Water
Proteins
Hormones
Nutrients
Electrolytes
Respiratory Gases
Wastes
Plasma Proteins
Include:
Albumin (60%)
Globulins (36%)
(Antibodies &
transport proteins)
Clotting Proteins Plasma
(4%)
Enzymes &
Hormones
Serum
Liquid part of blood without clotting proteins
Albumin (60%)
Globulins (36%)
(Antibodies &
transport proteins)
Clotting Proteins
(4%)
Enzymes &
Hormones
X
Serum
Plasma
Clot
Hematocrit
Percent of formed elements
Normal Hematocrit is around 45%,
depending on gender
Hematocrit
Formed Elements Cells/Components
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Platelets
Leucocytes
(WBCs)
Blood Clotting Process
Platelets - Form temporary plug &
release platelet factors which
catalyze clot formation
ABO & Rh Blood Groups
(Types)
Based on the presence of specific antigens
(proteins) on the outer surface of cells.
Many other antigens exist on cell membranes
besides A, B, AB, O & Rh.
Because A, B, AB, O & Rh antigens can cause
severe transfusion reactions, blood typing is
always done for these prior to transfusions.
Other types are of medical or legal interest.
ABO Antibodies In Plasma
Type A blood
Anti-B Antibodies
Type B blood
Anti-A Antibodies
Type AB blood
No Anti-A or
Anti-B Antibodies
Type O blood
Both Anti-A & Anti-B
Antibodies
Rh (Rhesus) Blood Groups
Rh -
No Rh Antigens on
cell membranes
Rh +
Type Rh Antigens
on cell membranes
Antibody/Antigen Reactions
When antibodies in plasma react
with antigens on cell membranes,
they bind to the cells causing the
cells to clump called agglutination.
•
Agglutinated cells block the flow of blood
disrupting circulation and the distribution
of O2, gases and nutrients.
Transfusion Considerations
Type A blood
Anti-B Antibodies
Type B blood
Anti-A Antibodies
Type AB blood
No Anti-A or
Anti-B Antibodies
Type O blood
No A or B antigens
Both Anti-A & Anti-B
Antibodies
Type O - Theoretical Universal Donor
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
No problem first pregnancy
RH Rh +
Maternal & fetal blood don’t
mix.
During delivery
Baby is Rh + blood, mother
may begin to produce anti-Rh
antibodies.
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
In subsequent pregnancies
RH Rh +
an Rh + fetus
mother’s anti-Rh antibodies will cross
the placenta causing fetal blood cells to
agglutinate & be destroyed.
RhoGAM shots during first
pregnancy
at 28 weeks and after delivery may
prevent sensitization.
no protection after a woman is
sensititized
Anemia
 Insufficient hemoglobin content in RBCs:
Iron Deficiency - inadequate intake or absorption of iron.
Pernicious - dietary deficiency of Vitamin B12 or inadequate
production of intrinsic factor for absorption of Vitamin B12.
Anemia
Abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs:
Sickle Cell - one amino acid in the 287 forming the beta
chains is wrong.
In low O2 conditions the beta chains form stiff rods which
cause RBCs to sickle blocking small vessels.
Aneurysm
Weakness of the wall of an artery
causing an abnormal enlargment or
bulge.
The aorta or the arteries that supply the
heart, brain, legs or kindeys are most
commonly affected.
Hypertension
High blood pressure.
Sustained arterial blood pressure of 140/90
mm Hg or above.
Rising diastolic pressure generally indicative
of progressive hardening of arteries.
Since the heart must work harder to pump
blood against higher pressures, there is
increased risk of a cardiovascular accident.
Hypotension
Abnormally low blood pressure.
Sustained systolic blood pressure of below
100 mm Hg.
Generally associated with lower risk of
cardiovascular accidents & long life
providing that the tissues are adequately
perfused..
Circulatory Shock
Blood vessels inadequately filled
May result in death of cells &
damage to organs.
Common Types:
Hypovolemic - severe blood loss
Cardiogenic - heart (pump) failure
Vascular - excessive vasodilation
Septicemic - vasodilation due to
bacterial toxins produced during an
infection.
Atherosclerosis
(Arteriosclerosis)
Narrowing and hardening of arteries and
impairment of blood flow due to the
deposition of fatty materials and calcium
in their walls.
Risk factors include:
smoking
inactivity
diabetes
high blood cholesterol
personal or family history of heart disease
Arteriosclerosis
(Atherosclerosis):
All images copyright © Camera M.D. Studios. Special thanks to
Gregory Curfman, M.D..
Acknowledgements
Some of the figures used in this presentation came
from the Benjamin Cummings Digital Library Version
2.0 for Human Anatomy & Physiology, Fifth Edition.
Other figures came from public domain internet
sources and software in the possession of the author.