Transcript CH1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 DEFINITIONS • CYTOLOGY THE STUDY OF CELLS • ANATOMY THE STUDY OF BODY ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE • PHYSIOLOGY THE STUDY OF BODY FUNCTIONS 2 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION 3 THE ORGAN SYSTEMS INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM • COMPONENTS: SKIN, HAIR, NAILS & ASSOCIATED GLANDS. • FUNCTIONS: PROTECT UNDERLYING TISSUES & HELP REGULATE BODY TEMPERATURE SKELETAL SYSTEM • COMPONENTS: BONES, LIGAMENTS & ASSOCIATED CARTILAGE • FUNCTIONS: SUPPORT THE BODY, PROTECT VITAL ORGANS, STORE MINERALS & FORM BLOOD CELLS.4 THE ORGAN SYSTEMS MUSCULAR SYSTEM • COMPONENTS: SKELETAL, CARDIAC AND SMOOTH MUSCLES. • FUNCTIONS: MOVE THE BODY PARTS AND PRODUCE HEAT. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • COMPONENTS: NASAL CAVITY, PHARYNX, LARYNX, • TRACHEA, BRONCHI AND LUNGS. FUNCTIONS: EXCHANGE OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE BETWEEN AIR AND BLOOD IN THE LUNGS. 5 THE ORGAN SYSTEMS CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM • COMPONENTS: BLOOD, HEART, ARTERIES, VEINS • AND CAPILLARIES. FUNCTIONS: TRANSPORT MATERIALS TO AND FROM THE BODY CELLS. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM • COMPONENTS: LYMPH, LYMPHATIC VESSELS AND • LYMPHATIC TISSUE. FUNCTIONS: RETURN INTERSTITIAL FLUID TO BLOOD AND PROVIDE IMMUNITY. 6 7 THE ORGAN SYSTEMS URINARY SYSTEM • COMPONENTS: KIDNEYS, URETERS, URINARY BLADDER AND URETHRA. • FUNCTIONS: REGULATES VOLUME AND COMPOSITION OF BLOOD BY FORMING AND EXCRETING URINE. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • COMPONENTS: ENDOCRINE GLANDS. • FUNCTIONS: SECRETE HORMONES THAT REGULATE BODY FUNCTIONS. 8 THE ORGAN SYSTEMS NERVOUS SYSTEM • COMPONENTS: BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, NERVES AND • SENSORY RECEPTORS. FUNCTIONS: COORDINATE BODY FUNCTIONS, ENABLE LEARNING AND MEMORY. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM • COMPONENTS: MOUTH, PHARYNX, STOMACH • ESOPHAGUS, INTESTINES, ANUS, PANCREAS, LIVER AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURE. FUNCTIONS: DIGEST FOOD & ABSORB NUTRIENTS. 9 THE ORGAN SYSTEMS MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM • COMPONENTS: TESTES, VASA DEFERENTIA, PENIS, • PROSTATE AND BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS. FUNCTIONS: PRODUCE & TRANSPORT SPERMS FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM • COMPONENTS: OVARIES, UTERINE TUBES, UTERUS, • VAGINA AND VULVA. FUNCTIONS: PRODUCE OVA, RECEIVE SPERMS, PROVIDE INTRAUTERINE DEVELOPMENT AND BIRTH OF THE BABY. 10 11 DIRECTIONAL TERMS • MIDLINE:- MIDDLE LINE DIVIDING THE BODY IN EQUAL RIGHT & LEFT HALVES. • MEDIAL:- TOWARD THE MIDLINE. • LATERAL:- AWAY FROM THE MIDLINE. • SUPERIOR:- TOWARD THE HEAD. • INFERIOR:- AWAY FROM THE HEAD. • PROXIMAL:- CLOSER TO THE POINT OF ATTACHMENT TO THE BODY TRUNK. • DISTAL:- FARTHER FROM ATTACHMENT. 12 DIRECTIONAL TERMS 13 ANATOMICAL PLANES • TRANSVERSE PLANES: HORIZONTAL PLANES • • • THAT DIVIDE THE BODY INTO SUPERIOR & INFERIOR PARTS TO MAKE CROSS SECTIONS. SAGITTAL PLANES: VERTICAL PLANES THAT DIVIDE THE BODY INTO LEFT& RIGHT PARTS. MIDSAGGITAL OR PARASAGITAL PLANES. CORONAL OR FRONTAL PLANES: DIVIDE THE BODY INTO ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR PARTS. OBLIQUE PLANES: PASS THROUGH THE BODY AT AN ANGLE TO FORM OBLIQUE SECTIONS. 14 ANATOMICAL PLANES 15 BODY CAVITIES DORSAL CAVITY • CARANIAL CAVITY • VERTEBRAL CANAL • VENTRAL CAVITY • THORACIC CAVITY • ABDOMINAL CAVITY • PELVIC CAVITY 16 BODY CAVITIES 17 ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS 18 SEROUS MEMBRANES • PLEURA: AROUND THE LUNGS. VISCERAL PLEURA PARIETAL PLEURA • PERICARDIUM: AROUND THE HEART. VISCERAL PERICARDIUM PARIETAL PERICARDIUM • PERITONIUM: AROUND THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY AND ORGANS. VISCERAL PERITONIUM 19 PARIETAL PERITONIUM 20 21 COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY 22 FEMALE TORSO WITH SKIN REMOVED TO EXPOSE SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES 24 MALE TORSO WITH DEEPER MUSCLES EXPOSED 26 MALE TORSO WITH SOME INTERNAL ORGANS EXPOSED 28 MALE TORSO WITH THORACIC AND ABDOMINOPELVIC ORGANS EXPOSED 30 FEMALE TORSO WITH LUNGS AND HEART IN CORONAL SECTION AND SMALL INTERSTINE REMOVED 32 FEMALE TORSO WITH SOME ORGANS REMOVED TO EXPOSE ESOPHAGUS, DEEP VESSELS, KIDNEYS AND URETERS 34 FEMALE TORSO WITH VISCERA REMOVED TO EXPOSE POSTERIOR WALLS OF THORACIC AND ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITIES 36