Transcript Human Anatomy

Human
Anatomy
Major Systems
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Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Digestive
Nervous
Respiratory
Circulatory
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Excretory
Endocrine
Reproductive
Immune /
Lymphatic
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• Skin= main organ of system
• Composed of 4 types of tissue:
1. epithelial – outer layer,
covers surfaces
2. connective - functions as a
“glue” and holds
body together
3. muscle - interacts with hair to
respond to stimuli
(ex: cold, fright)
4. nervous - detects external
stimuli (ex: pain, pressure)
Integumentary layers
epidermis
2 layers:
epidermis &
dermis
dermis
Hair follicle
Sweat
gland
Fatty tissue
Oil gland
nerve
Epidermis
Outer layer
contains dead cells
that contain protein
called keratin
Helps protect living cell
layers from bacteria, heat,
chemicals, etc.
Epidermis
Inner layer
contains living
cells that divide
to replace dead
cells
Some contain
melanin…colors skin
Epidermis
• Every 4 weeks, all
epidermal cells are
replaced by new cells
• Epidermal ridges are
important for
gripping…increase
friction
Functions of skin
1. Maintain homeostasis… regulates body temp
by blood vessels dilating or constricting
2. Sense organ…
nerve cells relay
info about pain,
pressure, temp,
etc to the brain
Functions of skin
3. Skin cells produce Vitamin D when exposed to
UV light…helps absorb calcium into bloodstream
4. Protective
layer
Skin… it’s a big business
The cost of today’s
proverbial fountain of
youth… a whopping
$12 billion. This is just
the beginning of a
long-term
trend. Americans are
expected to spend $60
billion on 70 million
cosmetic procedures
from 2005 to 2010.
Skin… it’s a big business
About $25 billion was
spent on facial care
products. The primary
buyers, women aged 35
to 65. This is one of the
fastest growing
demographics. Between
1990 and 2006 it grew by
30%. More importantly,
this trend will continue as
Baby Boomers get older.
1. Skull
13. Carpals
2. Maxilla
14. Metacarpals
3. Mandible
15. Phalanges
4. Cervical
vertebra
16. Femur
5. Clavicle
6. Humerus
7. Sternum
8. Ribs
9. Radius
10. Ulna
11. Pelvis
12. Coccyx
17. Patella
18. Fibula
19. Tibia
20. Tarsals
21. Metatarsals
22. Phalanges
1. Skull
2. Cervical Vertebrae (7)
3. Thoracic Vertebrae (12)
4. Lumbar Vertebrae (5)
5. Sacrum
6. Coccyx
SKELETAL SYSTEM
•206 bones
•2 main parts
Appendicular skeleton
Axial skeleton
SKELETAL SYSTEM
•206 bones
•2 main parts
Joints
Where 2 bones meet.
Facilitate mvmt of bones.
Bone to bone held together by ligaments.
In moveable joints, ends of bones
covered by cartilage…allows for smooth
mvmt.
Some joints (shoulder, knee)
have bursae…fluid-filled sacs
that decrease friction.
Tendons attach muscles to
bones.
Compact vs. Spongy bone
• Compact:
-running the length = tubular
structures called osteon or
Haversian systems
-living cells called osteocytes
receive oxygen & nutrients
from blood vessels w/in
osteon system
spongy
compact
•Compact bone surrounds less dense bone
known as spongy bone…contains holes
Osteon systems
Spongy bone
Formation of bone
• Vertebrate embryo skeleton = cartilage
• By 9th week = bone replaces cartilage
• Blood vessels stimulate cells to become
potential bone cells called osteoblasts
• These cells secrete protein called collagen
• Calcium salts & other ions harden new bone
cells now called osteocytes
Bone growth
• Growth in length = end of
bones in cartilage plates
• Growth in diameter = outer
surface of bone
• After growth stops = boneforming cells are involved in
repair & maintenance of
bone
Functions of bone
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Provides framework
Protects internal organs
Provides attachment points for muscles
Produce blood cells
Probable Diagnosis???
• What is wrong with the patient? What is
the injury?
Fractured tibia, dislocation of the radius…
I’m here to
PUMP you
up!
Muscular
system
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Three types
of muscle
tissue
Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal
Yea!
Smooth
muscle
fiber
Cardiac muscle fiber
Skeletal muscle
fiber
Smooth muscle
• Function = squeezes the space inside
the tube or organ it surrounds in order
to move material through it
Example –
inside of
stomach and
intestines
Smooth muscle
Involuntary muscle…not under conscious
control
This is NOT a
muscle!
Cardiac muscle
• Makes up your heart
• Function = Generates
& conducts electrical
impulses for heart
beat.
Cardiac muscle
• Involuntary muscle
Skeletal muscle
• Attached to & moves bones
• Most work in opposing pairs (biceps/triceps)
Skeletal muscle
• Made up of muscle fibers…fused muscle cells
• Each fiber made up of units called myofibrils
Skeletal muscle
• Voluntary muscle…under
conscious control
Muscle strength & exercise
• Muscle strength does
NOT depend on the #
of fibers in a
muscle…but the
thickness of the
fibers and on how
many of them
contract at one time
Muscle strength &
exercise
• Regular exercise stresses
muscle fibers slightly…to
compensate the fibers increase
in diameter by adding myofibrils
Masseter
Zygomaticus
Platysma
Orbicularis oculi
Epicranius frontalis
Orbicularis oris
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius– only top part shown
Pectoralis major
Deltoid
Brachioradialis
Extensor digitorum
Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii
External oblique
Rectus abdominus
Sartorius
Quadriceps group
Rectus Femoris
Vastus Medialis
Vastus Lateralis
Gluteus medius
Tibialis anterior
Gastrocnemius
DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM…
you got the
guts?
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM…you got guts?
Functions =
1. break down food
you eat into
molecules so it can
be used as
ENERGY!!!
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM…you got guts?
2. Absorbs
the digested
food &
distributes it
to your cells
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM…you got guts?
3. Eliminates
undigested
materials from
the body
Mouth,
Teeth,
Tongue
Esophagus
Liver
Gallbladder
Stomach
Pancreas
Large
intestine
Appendix
Anus
Small
intestine
Rectum
Your mouth…
• 1st stop in digestion =
mouth
• Chewing = mechanical
digestion, breaking down
food into smaller pieces
• Salivary glands in your
mouth secrete saliva
• Saliva contains digestive
enzyme amylase, which
breaks down starch into
smaller molecules
Swallowing your food
•Food moves
down
esophagus
(muscular
tube
connecting
your mouth
to stomach)
by way of
peristalsis
Swallowing your food
A flap of cartilage called epiglottis closes over the
opening to the respiratory tract as you
swallow…prevents food from entering
Your stomach
• Physical & chemical digestion
• 3 layers of involuntary muscles
located within the wall of
stomach (smooth muscles)
• They work to break down
swallowed food & mix them with
digestive juices
• Inner lining of stomach contains
glands that secrete gastric
juice…contains pepsin &
hydrochloric acid
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
Stomach to small intestine
• Food stays in stomach for
about 2-4 hours
• When it leaves the stomach
it’s like tomato soup!! Yuck!!
• Peristaltic waves force liquid
into small intestine
Small intestine
• Muscular tube about 6m long
• Digestion of meal completed
here
• Further mechanical
breakdown of food
• Carbs & proteins undergo
further chemical digestion
• 1st 25cm = duodenum
Pancreas & Liver
• Pancreas = Soft, flattened
gland that secretes
digestive enzymes &
hormones
• Liver = produces
bile…breaks down fats
• Bile = made in the liver &
stored in the gallbladder &
then can pass into the
duodenum
Large intestine
• Muscular tube a.k.a. the
colon
• Only 1.5m long but
6.5cm in diameter!
• Appendix = extension
off of large intestine &
serves no function in
digestion
Elimination of wastes
• 18-24 hours in large
intestine
• Remaining indigestible
material…now called
feces…reaches the rectum
rectum
anus
Elimination of wastes
• Feces eliminated from
rectum through
anus…THE END!
Pathway of your food
Mouth
Throat
Esophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus
Pathway of your food
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Neurons – basic unit of NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Neurons conduct impulses throughout the
nervous system.
Dendrite
Nucleus
Myelin sheath
Axon
Cell body
Axon
endings
• Neuron = long cell that consists of 3 regions:
1) cell body
2)dendrites
3)axon
• Dendrites = receives impulses and carries them
toward the cell body
• Axon = carries impulses away from the cell body
and toward other neurons, muscles, or glands
Neurons have 3
categories:
Sensory
neuron
Interneuron
Spinal cord
Motor neuron
Direction of
impulse
Muscle
contracts
Receptor in skin
1)sensory neurons carry impulses
from the body to
the spinal cord and
brain
2) interneurons found w/in the
brain & spinal cord
3) motor neurons carry the response
impulses away
from the brain and
spinal cord to a
muscle or gland
Relaying an impulse
• The nervous system sorts and interprets incoming
information before directing a response.
The Central Nervous System
Skull
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
2 systems work together!
Brain
• The peripheral nervous system =
all the nerves that carry messages
to and from the central nervous
system
Spinal cord
• Together, the central nervous
system (CNS) and the peripheral
nervous system (PNS) respond to
stimuli from the external
environment
Anatomy of the brain
Motor area
Cerebrum
Sensory area
Speech area
Language area
Vision area
Taste area
General
interpretation
area
Intellect,
learning, and
personality
Balance
area
Hearing
area
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Anatomy of the brain
• Brain stem = medulla
oblongata, pons, &
midbrain
• Medulla oblongata =
controls involuntary
activities…breathing
& heart rate
• Pons & midbrain =
pathways connecting
various parts of the
brain with each other.
Midbrain
Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla
oblongata
Respiratory System
2 kinds:
external respiration = breathing
internal respiration = cellular resp.
Breathing – uses diaphragm,
intercostal muscles, lungs
Air exchange Pathway
Job: exchange O2 & CO2
Pathway =
nose/mouth
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
Air exchange
Pathway
primary bronchus
secondary
bronchus
Tertiary bronchus
Alveoli enlarged
bronchiole
Terminal bronchiole
alveoli
Alveoli and gas exchange
Capillary
Alveolus
Oxygen
Oxygen moving
moving from
alveolus
into blood
from alveolus
cell
into blood cell
Air in Alveolus
Red blood
Oxygen moving
cells
from alveolus
Carbon
into dioxide
moving
from
blood
cells to
alveolus
Thin capillary and alveoli
walls allow for gas
exchange
The Breathing Process
Air leaves
Air enters
Rib cage moves
up & out
Lungs expand
Diaphragm
moves
down
Process called Inhalation
Ribcage
moves
down & in
Lungs get
smaller
Diaphragm
moves up
Process called Exhalation
Circulatory System
(From Body)
(To Body)
cava
(To lungs)
(From lungs)
(From Body)
(To lungs)
(From lungs)
Blood vessels
Arterioles & capillary
Pathway of circulation
heart
veins
arteries
Venules & capillary
venules
arterioles
capillaries
Circulatory System - Blood
Blood is tissue made of…
1.plasma (fluid)
2. Red Blood Cells –
carry O2 to body cells
- made in red bone
marrow
- live 120 days
- hemoglobin - the O2
carrying molecule
of blood
Did someone say…
Blooood?
WBC
platelets
Blood
White Blood Cells – protect
against infection
platelets (cell fragments)
- aid blood clot after
injury
- form sticky web over
wound w/ fibrin to
stop bleeding
Excretory system
Excretory system
Kidneys – filter blood and help maintain
homeostasis
A healthy kidney
preparing for
transplant
Excretory system
pathway of
urine…
kidney
Vena cava
Aorta
Kidney
Renal vein
Renal artery
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
Ureters
Urinary
bladder
Urethra
Excretory system
Nephron – filtering unit of kidney
- millions
- cleans nitrogenous wastes from blood
- urea & ammonia
- leave body as urine
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Hormones…
I HATE
hormones!!
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• Internal control of the body is directed by 2
systems:
1) nervous system
2) endocrine system
• Endocrine system - made up of a series of
glands, called endocrine glands, that release
chemicals directly into the bloodstream.
Important
Glands of the
Body
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal medulla
Adrenal cortex
Ovary in female
Testis in male
Hypothalamus
Interaction of the
nervous system and
endocrine system
• Hypothalamus = portion of
the brain that connects the
endocrine and nervous
systems.
Interaction of the nervous system
and endocrine system
• When a change in homeostasis is detected, the
hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland
• Pituitary gland - controlled by the hypothalamus,
and the two are connected by nerves and blood
vessels
• In response to messages received by the
hypothalamus, the pituitary gland releases its
own chemicals or stimulates other glands to
release theirs
Endocrine control of the body
• Hormones = chemicals secreted by endocrine
glands into the bloodstream
• Convey
information to
other cells in your
body, giving them
instructions
regarding your
metabolism,
growth,
development, and
behavior.
Negative Feedback Control
• Regulation of the endocrine system is controlled
mostly by 1 type of internal feedback mechanism
called a negative feedback system
• Hormones, or their effects, are fed back to inhibit
the original signal
• Once homeostasis is reached, the signal is
stopped and the hormone is no longer
released
Adrenal Hormones
and Stress Adrenal
glands
• The adrenal glands play an
important role in preparing
your body for stressful
situations.
• These hormones increase
heart rate, blood pressure,
and rate of respiration;
increase efficiency of
muscle contractions; and
increase blood sugar levels.
Thyroid and
Parathyroid Hormones
• Thyroid gland - located in
the neck, regulates
metabolism, growth, and
development.
Thyroid
gland