Transcript Intro to Invertebrates

Introduction
to the world
of
Invertebrates
Essential Functions for all organisms:
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Respiration
These
Feeding/Digestive Systemlead to
Response/Nervous System
diversity in
all living
Circulatory System
organisms
Reproduction System
Excretory System
Movement
• The Animal Kingdom is the most diverse kingdom in
appearance.
– Each phylum has its own typical body plan / arrangement.
– We will examine the physiology and anatomy of all the
Animal Kingdom phyla:
Physiology is the study of the function of the organs
Anatomy is the structure and location of the organs.
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FEEDING:
-all animals are heterotrophic
- must obtain their food from
another source.
Types of feeding:
Herbivore:
Eats only plants
Carnivores:
Eats only animals
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Omnivores:
Eats both plants and animals.
Filter Feeders:
Do not move
Must filter out food from water
Detritovores:
Eat dead and decaying plants and animals
Parasites:
Feed off another organism (host) and
harms the host.
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Types of Digestive Systems:
Simplest:
Two way digestive system
Enters and exits out the same opening.
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More complex system:
One way digestive system
Enters and exits out different
openings.
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Respiratory System:
All animals must:
-take in oxygen
-give off carbon dioxide
Small and aquatic (water) animals
must:
-respire through moist skin
-called cutaneous respiration
-rely on the process of diffusion
Larger animals:
-have various forms of complex
modes of respiration
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Circulatory System:
Used to transport items throughout the body.
-oxygen
-carbon dioxide
-food molecules
Small aquatic organisms simply transport
items from water into their body by diffusion.
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Two types of circulatory systems:
Open Circulatory Systems
-Blood is only partially contained within a
system of blood vessels.
-One or more hearts or heartlike organs pump
blood through vessels into surrounding
tissues.
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Closed Circulatory Systems
-A heart or heart like organ forces
blood through vessels that extend
throughout the body.
-Closed circulatory systems are
characteristic of larger, more active
animals.
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Excretory System:
To rid the body of toxic, nitrogenous cellular waste
-main nitrogenous waste is ammonia
-ammonia must be eliminated
OR
-convert ammonia into a less toxic
substance that can then be removed.
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Response :
Receptors used for detecting touch, sound and
light.
-utilizes the nervous system
Some organisms have netlike
arrangement of nerve nets which
consist of individual nerve cells
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Cephalization:
-concentration of sense organs and
nerve cells in the front of the body
forming a “head region”.
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Movement:
-some animals are sessile
- nonmoving
-most are mobile
-uses a set of muscles to coordinate
the motion.
-muscles must be attached to the
skeletal system.
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Types of skeletal systems:
Exoskeletons
-An external skeleton
- is a hard body covering
- made up of chitin.
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Endoskeleton:
-Is a structural support located inside the
body.
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Reproduction:
-Most animals reproduce sexually
-requires what two things?
-sperm
-egg
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Two types of sexual reproduction:
1. Internal Fertilization:
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2. External Fertilization:
FISH
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Frogs
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Hydra and Planarians:
Some simpler animals may
reproduce asexually
-one organism divides
into 2 new identical
organisms.
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Hermaphrodites:
Some organisms are hermaphrodites.
-one organism has both male and
female organs and sex cells.
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Trends in animal evolution:
• Cell specialization:
– cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
• Early development:
– Zygote
• Fertilized egg
– Blastula
• A hollow ball of cells
– Blastopore
• The blastula folds in creating this opening
– Protostome
• Mouth is formed from blastopore
– Deuterosome
• Anus is formed from blastopore
– Anus
• Opening for solid waste to exit from digestive system
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• Cells of most animal embryos differentiates into three layers
called germ layers.
• Ectoderm:
– Outermost layer
– Develops into sense organs, nerves, outer skin layer
• Mesoderm:
– Middle layer
– Develops into muscles, circulatory system, reproductive
system and excretory system
• Endoderm:
– Innermost layer
– Develops into digestive and respiratory systems.
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• Cephalization:
– An anterior concentration of sense organs
• To have a head region
• The more complex the animals become the more
pronounced their cephalization.
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• Segmentation:
– “Advanced animals have body segments, and specialization of
tissues.
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