Transcript Cells to Body Systems

Cells to Body Systems
Cells
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The basic unit of function in
living things.
Most cells can only be seen
under a microscope; they are
microscopic.
All organisms (any living thing
that maintain life) are made up
of cells.
Some organisms have only one
cell. Most plants and animals are
made of many cells.
Different types of cells have
different jobs.
Cells work together to carry out
life processes.
Bacterial Cells
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Single-celled.
They do not have a
nucleus or membranebound organelles.
Their chromosomes and
other materials are in the
cytoplasm.
Some help enrich the soil
by breaking down dead
plants & animals.
Not all bacteria are
harmful.
Some help us digest food.
Cheese & yogurt form
when certain bacteria mix
with milk.
Protist
Some are single-celled organism.
 A simple organism with a nucleus and
organelles.
 Plant-like protists have cell walls and
chloroplasts.
 Animal-like protists have no cell walls or
chloroplasts.
 Diatoms, algae, and amoeba are protists.
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Fungi
Most are multicellular (mold, mushroom,
mildew AKA m-m-m-y)
 Yeast is the only unicellular
 Decomposers
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Plant & Animal Cells
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All cells have similar
structures.
Every cell is surrounded by
a cell membrane.
Most cells have a nucleus
that directs all of the cell’s
activities.
The cytoplasm is a jellylike material that separates
the cell membrane and the
nucleus.
Comparing Plant & Animal
Cells
Nucleus
Cell
Wall
Chloroplast
No cell
walls
Chromosome
Plant
Cell
Membrane
Animal
No
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
Vacuole
Mitochondria
Vesicles
Cell, Tissue, Organ
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Cells that work together to carry out a
function make up tissue.
Our bodies contain 4 kinds of tissue.
Tissues work together to form a organ
(several kinds of tissue working together
for the same function).
Our skin, heart, and lungs are organs.
An organ system are organs that work
together to do a job for your body.
The Digestive System
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The digestive system breaks
down food into chemical
nutrients that our body needs for
food, energy, and repair.
Nutrients are absorbed into the
blood once digestion is
complete.
Begins in the mouth
Major organs: stomach, small
/large intestines, esophagus
(tube from mouth to stomach)
The Digestive System
Chemicals
break
food down into
nutrients.
Nutrients are
moved into the
blood.
Blood moves
the
nutrients into
each of the
body’s cells.
Body Organization
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Our body is organized to keep us alive and healthy.
Each cell
works
to keep
itself
healthy.
Cells work
with other
cells to
form
tissue.
Tissues
work
together in
organs.
Organs
work
together
in
systems.
Systems
work
together
to keep
our body
functional.
Circulatory System
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Made up of the heart, the blood
vessels, and the blood.
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White blood cells – fight infection
Red blood cells – deliver oxygen
One of the most important
systems in the body.
Transport oxygen, nutrients,
and wastes through the body.
The heart is the pump in the
circulatory system.
Blood travels from the heart
through the arteries to the
capillaries around the body.
Circulatory System: Blood
Flow
Blood flows
from the
lungs
to the heart
through
veins.
From the
heart, blood
flows
through
arteries.
From the
arteries,
it flows
through
capillaries.
From
capillaries,
it flows
back to the
heart
through
veins.
Respiratory System
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A group of organs and tissues that
exchange oxygen and carbon
dioxide in the lungs.
Oxygen rich blood is carried from
the lungs to the heart through the
pulmonary veins.
Oxygen poor blood is carried from
the heart to the lungs through the
pulmonary arteries.
The circulatory and respiratory
systems work together to provide
the body’s cells with oxygen.
Main organs: nose (moist), lungs,
diaphragm and trachea (windpipe)
Respiratory System: Oxygen
from the air to our blood
Oxygen is
inhaled
when
we breathe
air.
Oxygen
travels
town the
trachea to the
bronchi and
then to
alveoli.
Next, it
passes
into the
capillaries.
Then, it is
carried by
red blood
cells.
Skeletal System
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Structures that support and protect
your body.
Responsible for making new blood
cells
Without your skeleton system you
would not be able to stand or sit and
your body would be at risk for injury.
The skeletal system works with the
muscular system.
Major organs: bones (206),
cartilage, and ligaments.
Muscular System
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Includes muscles and tendons that
move bones.
Skeletal muscles support and
move your body.
Skeletal muscles often work in
pairs.
Muscular Continued
There are three kinds of muscles:
 Skeletal- are voluntary, you can control
them. They help move the body.
 Smooth- involuntary, you cannot control
them, found in blood vessels, digestive
system, bladder.
 Cardiac- involuntary, found in heart, you
cannot control.
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Nervous System
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Help you sense your environment and react
to it. Communicates with the body.
Reflexes are automatic response to certain
stimuli.
Major Organs: central nervous system and
peripheral nervous system.
The central nervous system is made up of the
brain and spinal cord. It receives and
interprets signals from your body. It controls
automatic functions.
The peripheral nervous system is made of
sensory organs. Sensory receptors detect
changes in our environment.
Excretory System
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Removes wastes such as
ammonia from your body.
The excretory system is
responsible for regulating
water balance in various
body fluids.
Major Organs: kidneys
(get rid of liquid waste),
liver, lungs (get rid of
carbon dioxide), and skin.
Integumentary - Skin
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Functions of the skin:
 Protects the body
 Disease prevention
 Removes Waste
 Temperature control – sweating or goose bumps
 Waterproofing
Main organs: Blood vessels, nerve fibers, hair follicles
Immune System
Disease fighting that defends against
pathogens (organism that causes a disease)
in which cells react to each kind of pathogen
with a defense.
 Major cells:
 Lymphocytes (AKA - White blood cells) –
fight pathogen
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Adenoids, appendix, bone marrow, lymph nodes,lymphatic
vessels spleen, tonsils
Lymphatic System
Network of veinlike vessels that returns the
fluid (known as lymph) that has leaked out of
the capillaries to the bloodstream.
 Lymph – fluid made of water and dissolved
materials (glucose or white blood cells)
 Major organs: lymph nodes lymph ducts
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Endocrine System
Glands (group of cells that make special
chemicals) and cells that secrete hormones
that regulate growth, development and
homeostasis
 Major organs:
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Pituitary gland – secretes hormones
 Thyroid gland – increases the rate at which you
use energy
 Ovaries and Testes – female and male
reproductive organs that produce hormones
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Reproductive System
Process by which living things produce new
individuals of the same type.
 Enables life to exist.
 Major organs:
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Testes – make sperm and testosterone
 Ovaries – make eggs
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