Transcript HumanAnatomyPhysiologyBodyStructureTerminologyPresentation

What is A&P?
 Anatomy
- the parts of the body or
body systems and organization
(morphology).

Physiology - how the body part functions
(what it does and how).
Can Anatomy Tell Us About
Function?
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
FOR THE HUMAN

Movement can be...
 change of position
 beating of the heart
 propelling of food
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
FOR THE HUMAN (cont’d)

Responsiveness
 ability to sense a change
 Unconscious and still respond?
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
FOR THE HUMAN (cont’d)

Growth (mitosis)
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
FOR THE HUMAN (cont’d)

Reproduction
 making a new individual
○ meiosis for gametes
○ mitosis for the forming of the embryo
 Repair and regeneration (mitosis).
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
FOR THE HUMAN (cont’d)

Respiration
 obtaining oxygen
 removing gaseous waste
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
FOR THE HUMAN (cont’d)

Digestion to break down nutrients into
small molecules that can be used.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
FOR THE HUMAN (cont’d)

Absorption - the movement of materials
into the bloodstream.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
FOR THE HUMAN (cont’d)

Circulation - the movement of blood to
transport nutrients and waste.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
FOR THE HUMAN (cont’d)

Assimilation - when substances are absorbed
and changed into other forms that can be used
or can be eliminated from the body.
 Example:
CO2 + H2O  H2CO3 
HCO3- + H+
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
FOR THE HUMAN (cont’d)

Excretion - the removal of waste that the
body produces.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
WHICH ARE REQUIRED

Water
 transports materials (blood)
 regulates temperature
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
WHICH ARE REQUIRED

Foods
 provides water
 provides nutrients for energy

Oxygen used to release energy from the
food, which maintains metabolism.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
WHICH ARE REQUIRED

Heat
 produced in chemical reactions within the
body (metabolism).
 temperature measures this form of energy.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
WHICH ARE REQUIRED

Pressure
 atmospheric pressure plays a role in
breathing.
 hydrostatic pressure is the force a liquid
exerts (blood pressure)
HOMEOSTASIS - A RELATIVE
CONSISTANT INTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT (TISSUE FLUID).

This process is controlled by two systems.
 Nervous
 endocrine (hormones)
Homeostasis is controlled by the process of
negative feedback.
 Negative feedback is an automatic response
that is activated when there is a change within
the internal environment above or below the
mean.

HOMEOSTASIS CONT’D
Negative Feedback corrects an
imbalance.
 Positive Feedback pushes an imbalance
further out of balance. Can happen …

 Naturally like low T (Testosterone)
 Unnaturally like performance enhancement
HOMEOSTASIS CONT’D
Normal testosterone/epitestosterone ratio is 2:1
SELF INDUCED POSITIVE
FEEDBACK
Young…..Old (In Prime) … Now
Positive Feedback

Acromegaly
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Atomic level: the body is composed of
chemicals of which the smallest particles
are atoms. (oxygen and calcium).
 Molecular level: the combination of
atoms to form a new substance.
(H2CO3)
 Cellular level:

 Cell is the most basic structure of an
organism; composed of atoms and
molecules.
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Cells  tissues  organs
organ systems  organism
HUMAN BODY ORGANIZATION

The body can be divided into two
portions; axial and appendicular.
 Appendicular - the appendages; includes the
upper and lower limbs.
 Axial - along the midline of the body;
includes the head, neck, and trunk and
contains cavities for housing organs.
BODY CAVITIES WITHIN CAVITIES

Dorsal (back) Cavity: contains two
cavities within this cavity.
 Cranial Cavity - houses the brain
 Vertebral Column - houses the spinal cord
BODY CAVITIES WITHIN CAVITIES

Ventral Cavity contains visceral organs and also
has two cavities within it.
 Thoracic cavity - (chest) has a portion called the
mediastinum which houses the heart, esophagus,
trachea, and the thymus gland while the lungs are
outside of the mediastinum.
 Abdominal cavity - contains digestive organs and
urinary structures.
○ The thoracic and abdominal cavities are separated by
the diaphragm (muscle that aids in breathing).
 Pelvic Cavity (hip) contains some digestive organs,
reproductive organs and urinary structures.
TERMINOLOGY
Superior – towards the
head or higher than
another structure.
 Inferior – towards the
feet or lower than
another structure.

TERMINOLOGY
Anterior means in
the front compared
to another structure.
 Posterior means in
the back compared
to another structure.

TERMINOLOGY
Lateral means away
from the median
plane or midline of
the body.
 Medial means
towards the median
plane or midline of
the body.

TERMINOLOGY
Proximal means
closer to a structure
of reference.
 Distal means further
away from a
structure of reference.

OVERVIEW
BODY
CAVITIES
BODY PLANES
Transverse plane divides the body into
upper and lower portions.
 Frontal (coronal) plane divides the body
into front and back portions.
 Sagittal plane divides the body into right
and left portions.
 Midsagittal (median) divides the body
into equal right and left portions.

BODY PLANES
SYSTEMS

Body coverings: Integumentary (skin)

Support and Movement:
 Skeletal system
 Muscular system
SYSTEMS (cont’d)

Integration and Coordination
(Homeostasis)
 Nervous system
 Endocrine system
SYSTEMS (cont’d)

Transport
 Circulatory
 Lymphatic
SYSTEMS (cont’d)

Absorption and Excretion
 Digestive
 Respiratory
 Urinary

Reproduction has its own system