Transcript Nutri Lec 08 Vitamins - Modified

University of Palestine
Health Sciences College
Associate Degree Program
Nutrition for
Health Professions
Lecture 8
Mr. Adham I. Ahmed “BSN, RN, MCN”
Vitamins
Mr. Adham Ahmed
Objectives

State one or more functions of each of
the thirteen vitamins discussed

Identify at least two food sources of
each of the vitamins discussed

Identify some symptoms of, or diseases
caused by, deficiencies of the vitamins
discussed
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Facts

Organic (carbon-containing)
compounds that are essential in small
amounts for body processes.

Do not provide energy.

Enable the body to use the energy
provided by fats, carbohydrates, and
proteins.

Megadoses can be toxic.
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Vitamin types (13)


Fat soluble (4): A, D, E, K
Water soluble (9):
•
•
Vitamin C
Vitamin B complex which includes:
thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2),
niacin(B3), vitamin B6, folate (B9),
vitamin B12 (cobalamin),
pantothenic acid (B5), biotin (B7)
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Vitamin Deficiency
People prone to vitamin deficiency
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•
Alcoholics
Poor and incapacitated elderly
Clients with serious diseases that affect
appetite
Mentally retarded
Children receiving inadequate care
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Deficiency of Fat-soluble
Vitamins
Chronic malabsorption diseases
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•
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Cystic fibrosis
Celiac disease
Crohn’s disease
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Stop and Share
Match the following terms with the
correct definition.
1. Avitaminosis
2. Hypervitaminosis
a. Concentrated form
of vitamins
b. Without vitamins
3. Vitamin supplement c. Condition caused by
ingestion of excess
vitamins
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Stop and Share
Answers:
1. b
2. c
3. a
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Avoiding Vitamin Loss

Buy fresh, unbruised vegetables and
fruits and use them raw when possible.

Prepare fresh vegetables and fruits just
before serving.

Heat canned vegetables quickly and in
their own liquid.
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Avoiding Vitamin Loss

Follow package directions when cooking
frozen vegetables or fruit.

Steam, or use as little water as possible.

Cover pan and cook for a short period of
time.

Save cooking liquid for soups, stews ‫يخنه‬,
and gravy ‫ صلصلة مرق اللحم‬.

Store in a cool, dark place.
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Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamins A, D, E, K
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Vitamin A
Preformed (retinol) - Retinoids
• Active form of vitamin A
Carotenoids
• Inactive form of vitamin A found in
plants
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Functions of Vitamin A


Antioxidant
Maintains healthy eyes and skin

Helps prevent infection.
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Sources of Vitamin A
Preformed
Carotenoids
vitamin A (retinol) (provitamin A or
beta-carotene)
Fat-containing animal
foods: liver, butter,
cream, whole milk,
cheeses
Green leafy
vegetables & fruits,
carrots, sweet
potatoes, squash,
spinach, broccoli,
mango, cantaloupe,
pumpkin
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Stop and Share


What are the signs and symptoms you
may expect to see with too much
vitamin A?
…too little?
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Stop and Share
Excess
Deficit
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•
Birth defects, hair
loss, dry skin,
headaches, nausea,
dryness of mucous
membranes, liver
damage, and bone
and joint pain
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Night blindness;
dry, rough skin;
increased
susceptibility to
infections; and
blindness or
xerophthalmia
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Vitamin D
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

Prohormone–converted to a hormone
in the body.
D2 (ergocalcifenol) is formed in plants.
D3 (cholecalciferol) is formed in
humans from cholesterol in the skin.
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Sources of Vitamin D

Sunlight

Milk, fish liver oils, egg yolk, butter,
fortified margarine

Most milk in the U.S. has 10 g of
vitamin D concentrate added per quart.
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Stop and Share
What are the signs and symptoms you may
expect to see with too much vitamin D?
…too little?
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Stop and Share
Excess
Deficit
•
•
Deposits of
calcium and
phosphorus in soft
tissues, kidney and
heart damage, and
bone fragility
Poor bone and
tooth formation,
rickets which
causes malformed
bones and pain in
infants
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Stop and Share
Deficit
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Osteomalacia (softening of bones)
Osteoporosis (brittle, porous bones)
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Vitamin E

Tocopherols
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
Alpha (most biologically active)
Beta, delta, gamma
Tocotrienols (4 Tocopherols)
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Functions of Vitamin E
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Antioxidant
Prevention of hemolytic anemia among
premature infants
Enhance immune system
Retard spoilage of commercial foods
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Sources of Vitamin E

Vegetable oils: corn, soybean,
safflower, and cottonseed, and
products made from them such as
margarine

Wheat germ, nuts, green leafy
vegetables
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Stop and Share
Your client asks you if it is possible to take
too much vitamin E. How would you
advise the client?
What signs and/or symptoms can result
from too little vitamin E?
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Stop and Share
Excess
Deficit
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•
Relatively
nontoxic, fatsoluble vitamin.
Excess stored in
adipose tissue.
Avoid long-term
megadoses.
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Serious
neurological
defects can
occur from
malabsorption.
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Vitamin K

Made up of several compounds essential
to blood clotting.
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Functions of Vitamin K

Formation of prothrombin; clotting of blood

Candidates likely to receive Vitamin K
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Newborns immediately after birth
Clients who suffer from faulty fat absorption
After extensive antibiotic therapy
Antidote for an overdose of anticoagulant
Clients being treated for hemorrhage
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Sources of Vitamin K

Green leafy vegetables such as broccoli,
cabbage, spinach, and kale.

Dairy products such as eggs, meats, fruits,
and cereals.

Bacteria in small intestine synthesizes
some vitamin K but must be supplemented
by dietary sources.
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Stop and Share
What signs and/or symptoms can result
from too much vitamin K?
… too little?
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Water-soluble Vitamins


Vitamin B complex
Vitamin C
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Vitamin B Complex: Thiamin
Thiamin B1
Essential for nerve and muscle action, and
metabolism of carbohydrates and some
amino acids.
Sources include unrefined and enriched
cereals, yeast, wheat germ, lean pork,
organ meats, and legumes.
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Vitamin B Complex: Thiamin
Average adult female requires 1.1 mg/day.
Average adult male requires 1.2 mg/day.
Deficiency symptoms include loss of
appetite, fatigue, nervous irritability, and
constipation.
Beriberi is a disease caused by extreme
deficiency of vitamin B1.
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Vitamin B Complex: Riboflavin
Riboflavin B2
Necessary for: the metabolism of
carbohydrates, protein, and fats; tissue
maintenance (especially the skin around
the mouth); and healthy eyes.
Sources include milk, meats, poultry,
fish, enriched breads, cereals, broccoli,
spinach, and asparagus.
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Vitamin B Complex: Riboflavin
Average adult female requires 1.1 mg/day.
Average adult male requires 1.3 mg/day.
Deficiency can result in cheilosis (a
condition characterized by sores on the lips
and cracks at the corners of the mouth);
glossitis (inflammation of the tongue);
dermatitis; and eye strain in the form of
itching, burning, and eye fatigue.
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Vitamin B Complex: Niacin
Generic name for nicotinic acid and
nicotinamide.
A coenzyme in energy metabolism.
Sources include meats, poultry, fish,
peanuts, legumes.
Milk and eggs are sources of tryptophan
(precursor).
tryptophan (an amino acid that is a
precursor of niacin).
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Vitamin B Complex: Niacin
Deficiency symptoms include weakness,
anorexia, indigestion, anxiety, and
irritability.
Pellagra is an extreme deficiency causing
sores on the skin, diarrhea, anxiety,
confusion, irritability, poor memory,
dizziness, and untimely death.
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Vitamin B Complex: B6
Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine
Essential for protein metabolism and
absorption, and aids in release of glucose
from glycogen.
Serves as catalyst in conversion of
tryptophan to niacin; helps synthesize
neurotransmitters such as serotonin and
dopamine.
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Vitamin B Complex: B6
Sources include poultry, fish, liver,
kidney, potatoes, bananas, spinach, and
unrefined whole grains (oats and
wheat).
Deficiency symptoms include irritability,
depression, and dermatitis.
Deficiency in infants can cause various
neurological symptoms and abdominal
problems.
Toxicity is rare; may cause temporary
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neurological problems.
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Vitamin B Complex: Folate
Folate, folacin, and folic acid are
chemically similar compounds, and names
are used interchangeably.
Needed for DNA synthesis, protein
metabolism, formation of hemoglobin.
Sources include cereals fortified with
folate, green leafy vegetables, legumes,
sunflower seeds, fruits such as orange
juice and strawberries.
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Vitamin B Complex: Folate
Deficiency linked to neural tube defects
in fetus such as spina bifida (spinal cord
or spinal fluid bulge through the back) and
anencephaly (absence of the brain).
Other signs include inflammation of mouth
and tongue, poor growth, depression and
mental confusion, problems with nerve
functions, megaloblastic anemia.
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Vitamin B Complex: B12
Cobalamin–contains mineral cobalt.
Stored in body three to five years.
Involved in folate metabolism,
maintenance of the myelin sheath, and
healthy red blood cells.
To be absorbed, must bind with intrinsic
factor in stomach. Pernicious anemia may
result from loss of intrinsic factor.
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Vitamin B Complex: B12
Sources include animal foods, especially
organ meats, lean meat, seafood, eggs,
dairy products.
Average adult requires 2.4 g/day.
Increased need during pregnancy and
lactation.
Amount absorbed will depend on current
need.
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Vitamin B Complex:
Pantothenic Acid
Involved in metabolism of
carbohydrates, fats, proteins.
Essential for synthesis of neurotransmitter
acetylcholine and steroid hormones.
Sources include meats, poultry, fish,
eggs, whole grain cereals, and legumes.
Thought to be synthesized by the body.
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Vitamin B Complex: Biotin
Coenzyme in synthesis of fatty acids and
amino acids.
Sources include liver, egg yolk, soy flour,
cereals, yeast.
Synthesized in intestine by
microorganisms, amount available for
absorption unknown.
Food and Nutrition Board suggests
adequate intake of 30 g for adults.
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Vitamin B Complex: Biotin
Toxicity from excess unknown.
Deficiency symptoms include nausea,
anorexia, depression, pallor, dermatitis,
increase in serum cholesterol.
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Vitamin C
Ascorbic acid
Has antioxidant properties and protects
food from oxidation.
Role in formation of collagen.
Aids in absorption of nonheme iron.
May be involved with formation or
functioning of norepinephrine, some amino
acids, folate, leukocytes, the immune
system, allergic reactions.
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Vitamin C
Sources include citrus fruits, melon,
strawberries, tomatoes, potatoes, red
and green peppers, cabbage, broccoli.
Average female adult requires 75 mg/day.
Average male adult requires 90 mg/day.
Stress and cigarette smoking increase
need.
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Stop and Share
What disease results from a deficiency in
vitamin C?
What are the associated signs and/or
symptoms?
What results from excess?
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Stop and Share
Scurvy: disease characterized by
gingivitis, easy bruising, pinpoint
hemorrhages of the skin, poor wound
healing, sore joints and muscles, weight
loss. Extreme cases result in death.
Found in sailors who lived without fresh
fruits and vegetables.
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Stop and Share
Deficiency of Vitamin C: bleeding gums,
loose teeth, tendency to bruise easily, poor
wound healing, scurvy.
Excess: diarrhea, nausea, cramps,
excessive absorption of food iron, rebound
scurvy (when megadoses are stopped
abruptly) and possibly oxalate kidney
stones. Generally considered nontoxic.
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Vitamin Supplementation
Balanced diet provides nutritional needs of
healthy people.
No amount of vitamins will build muscles.
Vitamins do not provide energy; they help
to release the energy provided by nutrients.
Heart disease, cancer and the common
cold cannot be cured by vitamin
supplements.
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Conclusion
Organic compounds that regulate body
functions and promote growth.
Each vitamin has a specific function.
Well-balanced diet provides sufficient
vitamins to fulfill body requirements.
Fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, K
Water-soluble vitamins: B complex, C
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