Transcript Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration The Cardiovascular System

Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
Section 1: The Body’s
Transport System
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
What is the function and structure of the heart?
What path does blood take through the cardiovascular
system?
What are the functions and structures of arteries,
capillaries, and veins?
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
The Cardiovascular System
The
cardiovascular
system has 3
main jobs.
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
The Cardiovascular System
#1: Delivering
Needed Materials
Transports oxygen,
hormones, and
glucose (food) to all
of your cells.
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
The Cardiovascular System
#2: Removing
Waste Products
Transports toxins and
other “trash” to the
lungs and kidneys,
where they are
properly disposed.
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
The Cardiovascular System
#3: Helps Fight
Disease
Transports white
blood cells to areas
of the body that are
sick or injured.
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The Heart
The heart is
a hollow,
muscular
organ that
pumps blood
throughout
the body.
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
The Heart
The right side
of the heart is
completely
separated
from the left
side by a wall
of tissue
called the
septum.
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
The Heart
Each side
has an upper
chamber, or
atrium, and a
lower
chamber, or
ventricle.
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The Heart Valves
As blood flows out of the heart and toward the lungs, it
passes through a valve. Valves prevent blood from flowing
backwards and re-entering the heart.
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Two Loop System
Blood circulates
through the
body in two
loops, with the
heart at the
center.
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
Two Loop System
In the first
loop, blood
travels from
the heart to the
lungs and then
back to the
heart.
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
Two Loop System
In the second
loop, blood is
pumped from
the heart
throughout the
body and then
returns to the
heart.
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Blood Vessels
The walls of arteries and veins have three layers.
The walls of capillaries are only one cell thick.
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Artery
Vein
Artery and Vein
The walls of an artery are very thick.
They consist of 3 separate layers:
• Layer of Epithelial Cells (smooth
inner layer that allows blood to flow
freely)
• Smooth Muscle (muscular middle
layer that controls the amount of
blood that flows to an area)
• Connective Tissue (strong outer
layer that protects the artery from
bursting from the blood pressure)
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
Artery
Artery and Vein
The walls of a vein are thinner than an artery.
They also consist of the same 3 layers found in
arteries, only thinner.
Vein
Blood pressure in the veins is much lower
(because they’re farther from the heart), so
there are 3 methods that compensate for this:
• Contracting skeletal muscles squeeze
the veins.
• Valves (similar to the ones in your heart)
prevent blood from flowing backwards.
• Breathing movements cause the veins in
your chest to squeeze blood into the
heart.
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
Blood Pressure
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
Blood Pressure
Sphygmomanometers are
used to measure blood
pressure.
A typical blood pressure is
120/80 or lower.
The first number represents the pressure in your
arteries when the heart’s ventricles contract.
The second number represents the pressure when
your ventricles relax.
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
Blood Pressure
Like a garden hose, too much blood
pressure in your arteries is a bad thing.
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
End of Section:
The Body’s
Transport System
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
Section 2:
Blood and Lymph
What are the components of blood?
What determines the type of blood that a person
can receive in a transfusion?
What are the structures and functions of the
lymphatic system?
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
Blood
Blood consists of liquid plasma and three kinds of cells—red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
Plasma
About 55% of your blood is
made up of a yellowish watery
liquid called “plasma”.
Plasma is 90% water and 10%
protein molecules.
Plasma carry nutrients such
as glucose, fats, vitamins, and
minerals. Can also carry
carbon dioxide (CO2).
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
Red Blood Cells
Red blood cells (also called “RBCs”)
make up about 45% of your blood.
RBCs are made up of a protein
called hemoglobin. This protein is
made up of iron, and it is what allows
oxygen (O2) to stick to it.
Have no nuclei, therefore they can NOT perform mitosis and
make copies of themselves. RBCs can only be made in red
marrow found in bones.
Only live 120 days, so your body must make at least 2 million
RBCs every second.
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
White Blood Cells
White blood cells (also called
“WBCs”) fight off diseases such as
bacteria and viruses. Some WBCs
alert the body of the invasion, some
make chemicals that kill the disease,
and others simply surround and
digest the disease.
WBCs are rare: for every 1 WBC, there are 500-1,000 RBCs.
WBCs make up less than 1% of your blood.
WBCs have nuclei, but they still do not perform mitosis.
Like RBCs, WBCs are made in red bone marrow.
WBCs can live for months, even years.
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
Platelets
Platelets are made up of broken
pieces of cells.
Platelets make up less than 1% of
your blood.
They only live for 5-9 days.
When you bleed, platelets release
chemicals that form a protein called
fibrin. Fibrin looks like tiny fibers, and
these fibers form a net to stop the
bleeding and form a scab.
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
Blood Types
The marker molecules on your red blood cells determine
your blood type and the type of blood that you can safely
receive in transfusions.
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
Rh factor
Besides the “A” and “B” marker proteins, there is another
protein in blood called the Rh factor.
85% of people have this Rh factor protein (Rh +). If you have
this protein, you can receive blood with the Rh protein (Rh +)
or without it (Rh -).
15% of people do not have the Rh factor protein (Rh -). If you
receive blood that is Rh +, you can develop serious
problems.
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Blood Type Distribution
The circle graph shows the
percentage of each blood type
found in the U.S. population.
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
Blood Types
O-type = “universal DONOR”
AB-type = “universal RECEIVER”
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
The Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system is a network of
veinlike vessels that returns the fluid to the
bloodstream.
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End of Section:
Blood and Lymph
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
Section 3: The
Respiratory System
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
What structures does air pass through as it travels to the
lungs?
What happens during gas exchange and breathing?
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
Respiratory System Functions
Oxygen from the air and glucose from
digested food are both carried to the cells by
the blood. During cellular respiration, oxygen
reacts with glucose to release energy.
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The Path of Air
As air travels from the
outside environment
to the lungs, it passes
through the following
structures: nose,
pharynx, trachea, and
bronchi.
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
Gas Exchange
After air enters an alveolus, oxygen passes
through the wall of the alveolus and then
through the capillary wall into the blood.
Carbon dioxide and water pass from the blood
into the alveoli.
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How You Breathe
When you breathe, the actions
of your rib muscles and
diaphragm expand or contract
your chest. As a result, air
flows in or out.
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Breathing and Speaking
Two vocal cords, folds of
connective tissue that produce
your voice, stretch across the
opening of the larynx. Air
moving over the vocal cords
causes them to vibrate and
produce sound.
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End of Section:
Cardiovascular and
Respiratory Diseases
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
Section 4:
Cardiovascular and
Respiratory Diseases
What are some diseases of the cardiovascular system?
How may tobacco smoke affect the body?
What are some respiratory diseases that result from
infections or other physical conditions?
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Health Problems and Smoking
Tobacco smoke damages the respiratory system and strains
the circulatory system, resulting in such diseases as
emphysema, cancer, and chronic bronchitis.
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
Respiratory Diseases
During an asthma attack, air passages narrow and breathing
is more difficult.
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
Sickle-Cell Disease
A genetic disease of the
hemoglobin that causes
some blood cells to form a
rigid, sickle shape.
People with SCD have an
average life expectancy of
45 years.
Since the RBCs are harder and have
a curved shape, it makes it difficult for
oxygen to stick, so people with SCD
get tired easily.
Chapter 14 Circulation and Respiration
End of Section:
The Respiratory System