Transcript ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
• Definition
• Anatomy- deals with
structure of human
body parts.
• Definition:
• PhysiologyConsiders the
functions of those
body parts.
Types of Anatomy
• Gross Anatomy?
– The study of large body structures visible to
the naked eye such as heart, lungs, and
kidneys.
• Regional anatomy- all the structures (muscle,
bone, etc) in a particular area.
• Systemic anatomy- studied system by system
• Surface anatomy-study of internal structures as
they relate to the overlying skin surface.
Types of Anatomy
• Microscopic Anatomy- study that deals
with the structures too small to be seen
with the naked eye.
– Cytology• study cells of the body
– Histology –
• the study of tissue
Types of Anatomy
• Developmental anatomy- traces structural
changes that occur in the body throughout
the life span.
– Embryology• concerns developmental changes that occur before
birth
Level of Complexity.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Atom
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Systems
Organisms
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
CHARACTERISTIC OF ANIMAL
LIFE
Maintaining Balance
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Growth
Reproduction
Requirements of Organisms
o
o
o
o
o
Water
Nutrients (Food)
Oxygen
Heat (Temperature)
Pressure
HOMEOSTASIS
• Homeostasis- the maintenance of a stable
environment.
• Most of our metabolic energy is spent on
maintaining it
• Set Point- 98.6 F (37 C)
• A Homeostasis mechanism that regulates
humans is in the center of the brain and is
called hypothalamus.
HOMEOSTASIS
• Some organisms
(single cells)..the
outside
world/environment
supports its
requirements.
• Humans have about
70 Trillion cells, it
our internal
environment that
keeps everything
constant.
• Communication
within the body is
essential for
homeostasis.
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
• Regardless of the factor or event being
regulated (which is called the variable) all
homeostatic control mechanisms have at
least three interdependent components.
The Receptor
The
Receptor
• The first component, the receptor, is some
type of sensor that monitors the
environment and responds to changes.
• It will send information to the second
component which is the control center.
The Control Center
• The control center, which determines the
set point (range at which a variable is to be
maintained), analyzes the input it receives
and then determines the appropriate
response or course of action.
The Effector
• The third component is called the effector,
it will provide the means for the control
center’s response to the stimulus.
• The results of the response then feedback
to influence the stimulus positively or
negatively.
Which is Which???
• The homeostasis concept is very much like
the heat pump at your house?
Thermometer
Thermostat
Heater
Which
WhichisisWhich???
which?
Control Center is
the Thermostat
The
Thermometer is
the Receptor
The Effector
is the Heater
HOMEOSTASIS
• Temperature, Blood
pressure, and glucose
levels all contribute to
maintaining
homeostasis within
the body.
• These are all
regulated by a process
called..
• Negative Feedbackresponse to return to
normal homeostasis.
• Most body process
are controlled in this
manner.
HOMEOSTASIS..
HOMEOSTASIS
you have to add this to you r notes
• Some processes that cause
movement away from the
normal state are more rare
and are called Positive
Feedback.
• Here are 3 great examples of
Positive Feedback:
• Oxytocin is a hormone that
intensifies labor contractions
during birth of a baby. They
become more frequent and
more powerful which then
causes more oxytocin. This
continues until the baby is
born.
• Blood clotting—
chemical present in a
clot promote still
more clotting.
• Breast feeding, the
more the baby eats
and with greater force
the mammary glands
respond by making
more milk.
BODY CAVITIES
•
BODY
BODYCAVITIES
CAVITIES
•
BODY
BODYCAVITIES
CAVITIES
• Axial
Portion- The
head, neck,
and trunk
• Appendicular
Portion- upper
and lower
limbs
Axial-Dorsal
BODY CAVITY
• The Dorsal cavity lies within the skull and
vertebral column and has two
subdivisions: the Cranial cavity and the
Spinal cavity (Vertebral canal). As the
names suggest, the cranial cavity hosts the
brain and the spinal cord is found within
the spinal cavity.
Axial-Ventral
BODY CAVITY
• The ventral cavity also has two main
subdivisions, the Thoracic Cavity and the
Abdominaopelvic (abdominal and pelvic
cavity.)
• These two cavities have an obvious
division separating them; The large, dome
shaped Diaphragm muscle that sits below
the lungs and above the stomach.
THORACIC
Thoracic CAVITY
Cavity
• The Thoracic cavity is divided into right
and left, lung containing sides by a medial
partition called the Mediastinum, which
contains the heart, trachea and esophagus.
THORACIC
Thoracic CAVITY
Cavity
• . The lungs are separated from each other and the
heart into right and left Pleural cavities. Each
cavity is lined by a membrane, the Parietal
pleura, which is continuous and covers the lungs
proper, forming the Visceral pleura
• Parietal layer-separates the lining of the wall
from the layer covering the organ visceral layer.
Cavities
THORACIC
Thoracic CAVITY
Cavity
• A similar situation exists with the heart,
which resides within the Pericardial
cavity, which is lined by the Parietal
Pericardium, a membrane which is
continuous with the Visceral
Pericardium, covering the heart.
Abdominopelvic
• The abdominopelvic cavity is subdivided
in it's own right, although this division is
not obvious as it's division with the
thoracic cavity. The upper Abdominal
cavity is divided from the lower Pelvic
cavity by an imaginary line from the pubis
up and back to the top of the sacrum.
Abdominal
Abdominal Cavity
Cavity
• The abdominal cavity contains the
stomach, intestines, liver, kidneys, spleen
and pancreas. The pelvic cavity is a small
space encased by the pelvic bones and
contains the urinary bladder, the lower
end of the colon, and the internal
reproductive organs (primarily female).
Abdominal
Abdominal Cavity
Cavity
• The abdominal cavity is lined by a
membrane, the Parietal Peritoneal, which
is continuous with the organs of the
abdominal cavity. This membrane is called
the Visceral Peritoneal. The space
between these two is the Peritoneal
cavity.
Integumentary System
Integumentary System
Integumentary System
• Skin, hair, nails,
sweat glands,
and sebaceous
glands.
• Protect
underlying
tissue, help
regulate temp,
sensory
receptors, and
synthesize
certain products.
• Bones,
ligaments,
and cartilage
• Provides frameworks,
protective shield for
softer tissue, attachment
for muscles, and act
together with muscles
for movement
• Tissue within the bones
produce blood cells,
store inorganic salts.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• All muscles
• Force for body
movement,
help maintain
posture, are the
main source of
body heat.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Brain, spinal cord,
nerves, and sense
organs.
• Nerve cells send
nerve impulses
• Specialized sensory
receptors.
• Some nerves
receive/send impulses
• Some carry impulses
from the brain or
spinal cord to muscles
ENDORCRINE SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• Includes all the glands • ORGANSthat secrete chemical
Pituitary, thyroid,
messengers called
parathyroid, and
hormones
adrenal glands,
pancreas, ovaries,
• Some hormones affect
testes, pineal gland,
certain tissue- (target
and thymus gland
tissue)
• Alters metabolism of
target tissue
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
• Includes heart,
arteries, veins,
capillaries, and blood
• Heart-pump that
forces blood through
blood vessels.
• Blood- carries oxygen
from lungs and
nutrients from
digestive organs to all
body cells
Lymphatic System
Lymphatic System
• Includes:
lymphatic vessels,
lymph fluid, lymph
nodes, thymus
gland, and spleen.
• Transports tissue
fluid back to
bloodstream and
carries fatty
substances away from
digestive organs.
• Cells are called
lymphocytes, which
defends the body
against infections by
removing disease.
•
Digestive System
Digestive System
. teeth, salivary
• Includes: Mouth, tongue,
glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and
large intestine
• Breaks down food to similar forms that
can pass through cell membranes to be
absorbed.
Digestive System
• Materials not absorbed are transported
back outside the body.
• Certain digestive organs produced
hormones and function as part of the
endocrine system.
The Air Bags
The Respiratory System
The Respiratory System
• Includes:
Nasal cavity,
pharynx,
larynx,
trachea,
bronchi, and
lungs
•
Takes air in and
out and
exchanges gases
between blood
and the air.
• O2 in and CO2
out
Urinary System
Urinary System
Urinary System
• Includes
kidney,
ureters,
urinary
bladder, and
uretha
• Kidneys remove
wastes from blood and
assist in maintaining
the body’s water and
electrolyte balance
• Product is urine
• Sometimes called
excretory system
Reproductive System-
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FEMALE
• Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus,
vagina, clitoris, vulva
• Produce and maintain egg cells,
receive sperm cells, support
development of an embryo and
function in birth process
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
MALE
• Scrotum, testes, epididymides, vasa
deferentia, seminal vesicles,
prostate gland, bulbourethral glands,
urethra, and penis
• Produce and maintain sperm cells,
transfer sperm cells into female
reproductive organs.