Transcript lymphatic system

Endocrine and Circulatory Systems
Endocrine System
 The endocrine system is a system of glands, each of which
secretes a type of hormone to regulate the body.
 The endocrine system is an information signal system much
like the nervous system.
 Hormones regulate many functions of an organism, including
mood, growth and development, tissue function, and
metabolism.
 The field of study that deals with disorders of endocrine
glands is endocrinology, a branch of the wider field of
internal medicine.
 Major endocrine glands.
(Male on the left, female
on the right.)
 1. Pineal gland
 2. Pituitary gland
 3. Thyroid gland
 4. Thymus
 5. Adrenal gland
 6. Pancreas
 7. Ovary
 8. Testis
Endocrine System
 The endocrine system is used for communication,
throughout your body.
 The main communication system within your body is the
nervous system.
 The nervous system works in a similar manner as a
telephone.
 Messages are sent from one place to another place, much in
the same way that a telephone carries a message from you to
your friend.
Endocrine System
 But suppose you want to tell more than just one person.You
could call all your friends one at a time, but this would take a
very long time. By the time you got the message out, it might
be too late.
 So how can you get a message to all your friends quickly?
Suppose that you drive to your local radio station, and
broadcast your message. Doing this allows all your friends to
hear your message at the same time.
Endocrine System
 Your endocrine system is similar to a radio broadcast. Instead
of using radio waves to transmit messages, your endocrine
system uses chemicals. These chemicals are called hormones.
Hormones travel through the blood stream, and effect the
activities of the various cells within your body.
Glands
 Where are these chemicals produced?
 Throughout your body, from your head, down to your waist
there are a number of small organs called glands.
 These glands each produce one or more hormones.
 These hormones are released into the bloodstream via small
tubes called ducts.
 Once in the bloodstream, these hormones effect every cell
they come in contact with, telling them to do something.
Circulatory System
 Think of a large city.
 A city is a community of people who work together to
support each other, and make life possible. Each person has a
different job. Some are builders, others work in markets,
while others clean up. Every job is important. Suppose you
work in an office building on the 86 th floor, and decide that
you are hungry. How will you get food?
Circulatory System
 You walk down the narrow hallway, climb into an elevator,
and go down to the main floor.
 From there you walk out into the street, and continue
towards your favorite lunch spot.
 Using hallways, elevators, and roads, you eventually find your
way to your lunch.
Circulatory System
 In many ways, your body is like a city.
 Instead of millions of people, your body is made up of
trillions of cells, each with a different job.
 What happens if a cell on the 86 th floor of your body gets
hungry? How will it get food?
Circulatory System
 Just like a city with hallways, and roads, your body has blood
vessels, arteries, and veins that help move things around.
Most of the cells inside of your body do not move.
 If a cell is hungry, or needs to get rid of waste, it can’t simply
move itself to the part of your body where it needs to go.
Instead, your body must bring the food to your cells, and the
waste away from them.
4 Processes of the Circulatory System
 Four critical processes
 Obtain energy and material
 Ingest, digest, absorb
 Obtain oxygen
 Dispose of nitrogenous waste
 NH3, urea, uric acid
 Dispose of CO2
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Circulatory System
• Why have a circulatory System?
• Small animals often don’t.
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Cnidarians, flatworms, nematodes
Cells get sufficient O2, diffusion from environment
Cells dispose of wastes to environment
Cells get nutrients from gut by diffusion
Circulatory System
• Why have a circulatory System?
– Larger animals MUST have circulatory system
• Most cells too far from surface and too far from gut
– Diffusion would take too long!!!
• Circulatory systems bring O2, “food,” to all tissues
– All cells close enough to a capillary
• Circulatory systems carry away metabolic wastes
• Circulatory systems carry regulatory signaling molecules
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Circulation & GasEx.ppt
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Organization of the
Cardiovascular System
 Heart = muscular double pump
 Blood = circulating fluid tissue
 Vessels
 Arteries carry blood FROM the heart,
 Capillaries distribute O2, nutrient molecules, and pick
up wastes,
 Veins return blood TOWARD the heart
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Organization of the
Cardiovascular System
 Two circulations
 Pulmonary
 To and from lungs
 Systemic
 To and from all other tissues
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The Heart
The Heart
• Mammalian heart
– Hollow, muscular
– Double pump
• Right: Pulmonary
circulation
• Left: Systemic circulation
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The Heart
• Location
– Thoracic region in
pericardial sac, between
lungs
– 2/3 of mass left of
midsagittal plane
– Apex = lower tip of left
ventricle
– Base = “flat” superior
side, tops of atria.
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The Heart
• Chambers
– 2 Atria
• receive venous return
– 2 Ventricles
• receive blood from atria,
• pump blood out through
major arteries
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The Heart
• Valves direct blood
flow through the heart
• 2 Atrioventricular
valves
– Tricuspid
– Bicuspid or Mitral
• 2 Semilunar valves
– Pulmonary
– Aortic
– Operation of valves
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Heart
 Your heart is broken into two sides,
separated by a septum.
 The Left side of your heart is filled
with oxygen rich blood, while the right
side of your heart is filled with oxygen
poor blood.
 Each side of your heart is further
broken into two chambers, known as
the atrium, and the ventricle.
 Each side of the heart has an atrium and
a ventricle for a total of four chambers.
Heart
 Your right atrium takes in the
oxygen poor blood.
 It is then pumped to your lungs via
the right ventricle.
 In your lungs, your blood again fills
up with oxygen, and returns to
your heart.
 Your blood now enters the left
atrium of your heart. It is then
pumped out to your body via your
left ventricle.
Arteries/veins
 Using billions of tiny tubes, your
body is constantly pumping blood
throughout your body.
 On the way out, your blood is
loaded with the things that your
body needs, like food, oxygen,
and other chemicals.
 On the way back, your blood is
full of things that the cells of your
body need to get rid of, like
waste.
Blue Blood?
 What color is blood?
 Well, that depends.
 Sometimes it is red, and sometimes it is blue.
 Look at your arm.
 Can you see the blue veins?
 Why are they blue?
 When blood is full of oxygen it is red, but when it is low on
oxygen it turns bluish.
 Why don’t I ever see blue blood? Because as it leaves your
body, it quickly turns red, as it takes in oxygen.
 The job of your heart is to pump blood through your body.
Even in your sleep, your heart keeps beating, or pumping
blood.
 If it stopped, you would quickly die.
Vessels
 Arteries
 Carry blood from heart
 Thick muscular wall
 Veins
 Carry blood to heart
 This nwall
 Capillaries
 Extremely thin
membrane for exchange
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Vessels
 Capillary Exchange
 Filtration & bulk flow
 Diffusion
 Osmosis
 Excess fluid picked up
by lymphatic system
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Vessels
 Venous return
 Low venous pressures
 Venous “pumps”
 Muscular pump
 Respiratory pump
 Valves
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Arteries, Capillaries and Veins
 Your arteries carry blood from your heart, out to the rest of your
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body.
They have very thick walls, which allow them to withstand the
immense pressure created as your heart pumps blood forcefully.
As blood travels outward the arteries become smaller and smaller
until eventually the blood enters into what are known as
capillaries.
Capillaries are so tiny that blood usually can only get through one
cell at a time.
It is within the capillaries that oxygen is taken by the cells, and
waste, such as carbon dioxide is released into the blood.
Capillaries
 Eventually the capillaries
get bigger and bigger, and
then the blood enters into
veins. As the blood travels
back to the heart your
veins get larger and larger
The Lymphatic System: Recovering Lost
Fluid
 The cardiovascular system is very leaky
 from capillary exchange, the body loses about 4 liters of
fluid each day
 to collect and recycle this fluid, the body uses a second
circulatory system called the lymphatic system
 the lymphatic system is also a network of vessels filled with a fluid
called lymph
 ultimately the lymph reenters the bloodstream through veins in the
neck
The Lymphatic System: Recovering Lost
Fluid
 The lymphatic system has three important
functions
 it returns proteins to circulation
 if this protein remains in the tissues, it would cause swelling
or edema
 it transports fats absorbed from the intestine
 it aids in the body’s defense
 swellings along lymph vessels called lymph nodes and a
lymph organ called the spleen are where bacteria and dead
blood cells are destroyed
 the thymus produces white blood cells
Blood Pressure
 During each heartbeat, BP varies between a maximum
(systolic) and a minimum (diastolic) pressure.
 The mean BP decreases as the circulating blood moves
away from the heart through arteries, has its greatest
decrease in the small arteries and arterioles, and
continues to decrease as the blood moves through the
capillaries and back to the heart through veins
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Vessels
 Blood pressure
 Systolic
 Diastolic
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Tips to lower your Blood Pressure
 Reduce the sodium (salt) in your diet
 Choose fresh foods.
 Avoid adding salt at the table. Use herbs and spices
liberally.
 Limit canned soups, frozen dinners and entrees and
vegetables with sauces. Choose "low-sodium" products.
You may rinse canned foods with water.
 Reduce your intake of bacon, sausage, hot dogs and
luncheon meats such as corned beef, pastrami, bologna,
ham, processed turkey and salami.
 Avoid smoked, pickled and cured foods.
Tips to lower your blood pressure
 Achieve a healthy body weight Reduce your
calories by choosing low-fat foods and eating smaller
portions.
 Increase dietary fiber. Try to get 20-35 grams of fiber
daily.
 Exercise regularly: your goal is 30 minute aerobic
exercise daily.
 Walk at least 10K steps per day.
Tips to lower your blood pressure
 Increase foods that are high in calcium
 Low-fat/fat-free dairy products daily
 supplements
 Increase foods that are high in potassium, magnesium
and fiber
 Nuts, seeds, dried beans, and peas
 Potatoes, tomatoes, bananas (potassium)
 100% whole grains (fiber & magnesium)
Tips to lower your blood pressure
 Reduce Caffeine
 Choose decaffeinated coffee, teas and sodas
 Avoid medications (if possible) that have
caffeine in them
 Dristan
 Excederin
 Midol
Tips to lower your blood pressure
 Drink plenty of fluids
 As a good rule of thumb, drink 8 cups of water per day
 HINT: always keep a bottle water near you at all times…that
way you are reminded to drink it.
 QUIT SMOKING
 I know this one is NOT easy
 The first step is to pick a day…only if you are willing to quit.
Tips to lower your blood pressure
 If you are on medications for your blood pressure
 Don’t skip your medicine
 If you notice any side effects, notify your doctor.
 Discuss the use of drugs called "NSAIDs" such as
ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Aleve) and
ketoprofen (Orudis-KT) with your physician. NSAIDs
appear to raise blood pressure in older people with
hypertension. They may also blunt the action of certain
antihypertensive medications.