Transcript Energy Systems

Energy Systems
Dr M Taghavi
[email protected]
Energy for Exercise
Food is the source of energy for the human body and it also provides
nutrients for growth and repair. When food is eaten, this is what
happens…

The food is broken down into soluble chemicals (e.g. glucose) by
digestion in the gut.

The soluble chemicals pass through the gut wall into the blood.

The blood carries the soluble food chemicals to all of the body’s
cells, where they will be used for:
Energy
Growth
Repair
Making Energy Available to the Cells of the Body
The
 The
Carbohydrates
muscles
glucose
of the
enters
inbody
the
the
use
form
small
both
of intestine
starch
carbohydrates
gained
wherefrom
it
and
passes
foods
fats into
to
such
produce
as
energy.
pasta,
the
blood.
The
bread
following
and potatoes
diagram are
shows
eaten.
how carbohydrates are used.
 The starch is digested in the gut and turned into glucose molecules.
The glucose is then used in 3 different ways…
Body Cells
Glucose diffuses
easily into the
cells and is used
to meet their
energy demands.
Skeletal Muscle
Glucose is stored here
as glycogen and is used
when the body is
working harder.
Liver
Here some of the
glucose is stored
as glycogen and
used to maintain
blood sugar levels.
The Energy Systems
a) High energy phosphate system
b) Anaerobic glycolytic system
c) Aerobic oxidative system
Energy systems
Aerobic
Oxygen system
Phosphate system
Anaerobic
Lactate system
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a) ATP breakdown (ATP turnover)
ATP
+ H2O
ADP
+ Energy + Pi
1. Hydrolysis of the unstable phosphate groups of
ATP molecule by H2O
2. Phosphate molecule (Pi) is released from ATP
(ATP
ADP)
3. Energy is released (38 to 42 kJ, or 9 to 10 kcal/mol ATP)
c) ATP resynthesis
ADP
+ Energy + Pi
ATP
1. Initial stores of ATP in the muscles are used up
very quickly and ATP must be regenerated
2. ATP is formed by recombination of ADP and Pi
3. Regeneration of ATP requires energy (from
breakdown of food molecules)
High Energy Phosphate System
P
ENERGY
Creatine
ADP + Pi  ATP
Energy systems
Phosphate
The main source for the onset of exercise.
Anaerobic alactic System
CP + ADP
► Creatine + ATP
►
Limited store ►
Expulsion Energy
2 – 10 sec.
Recovery time: 3-5 min complete rest.
Promotion of CP system:
▲CP store
▲CP breakdown enzymatic process
CP stores increase by 25% to 50% after 7 months endurance training
CP Enzymatic break down advancement promote after 8 weeks speed training
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Anaerobic Respiration – Without Oxygen
Anaerobic respiration involves the release of a little energy, very
quickly from the incomplete breakdown of glucose without using oxygen,
The Process of Anaerobic Respiration
inside the cells.
1. Glucose is made available by the breakdown of glycogen stored
Energy for muscles to contract
in the working muscles.
and create movement
2. The glucose
is
used
by
the
muscles
of the body to produce energy,
Glucose
without the use of oxygen.
Acidpasses back into the blood
3. This process creates lactic Lactic
acid, which
for removal.
How Anaerobic Respiration Happens
1
Glucose is transported
to the muscles of the
body via the blood.
2
Glucose passes into
the muscles cells and
is used to produce
energy for muscular
contractions.
3
Anaerobic respiration
produces lactic acid
as a waste product.
Facts about Anaerobic Respiration



During anaerobic respiration, your muscles are
not supplied with enough oxygen.
The lactic acid builds up due to the shortage of
oxygen. This is known as an oxygen debt, which
needs to be paid back once exercising has
finished.
The lactic acid build-up will soon make your
muscles feel tired and painful, so exercising
anaerobically can only be carried out for
short periods of time.
Anaerobic Respiration is how sprinters produce the energy that is used
in short periods of ‘all out effort’ - high intensity.
Oxygen cannot reach the muscles fast enough, so anaerobic respiration
is used.
Glucose Produces…
Anaerobic Respiration is how sprinters produce the energy that is used
in short periods of ‘all out effort’ - high intensity.
Oxygen cannot reach the muscles fast enough, so anaerobic respiration
is used.
Glucose produces…
Lactic acid quickly
builds up & makes
the muscles feel
tired & painful. ‘All
out effort’ cannot
last for very long!
Some is used for
muscle contractions,
creating movement.
Anaerobic Respiration is how sprinters produce the energy that is used
in short periods of ‘all out effort’ - high intensity.
Oxygen cannot reach the muscles fast enough, so anaerobic respiration
is used.
Glucose produces…
Lactic acid quickly
builds up & makes
the muscles feel
tired & painful. ‘All
out effort’ cannot
last for very long!
Some is used for
muscle contractions,
creating movement.
The rest is
converted into heat
to warm the body.
Energy systems
Anaerobic system
The emergency source of energy.
The energy supply for intensive activities last 2-3 min.
Glucose + ADP ► Lactic acid +
Lactic acid
► Acidosis ►
ATP
upper lactate threshold (4mmol/l)
Muscle soreness-fatigue
Mental impairments
Recovery time: 75min. + cool down activity
Dr. taghavi
Aerobic Respiration – With Oxygen
The Process
Aerobic respiration
involves of
theAerobic
release ofRespiration
energy from the slow
breakdown of glucose using oxygen, inside the cells.
Water
Glucose
1. Glucose and oxygen are transported to the working muscles by
Energy for Muscles
the blood.
contract
2. Glucose and oxygen areto
then
used byand
the muscles of the body
create Movement
to produce energy.
Carbon
3. ThisOxygen
process creates carbon dioxide and water.
Dioxide
4. The carbon dioxide passes back into the blood for removal.
How Aerobic Respiration Happens…
1
Glucose and oxygen
are carried by the
haemoglobin in the
red blood cells.
2
Glucose and oxygen
pass into all the muscle
cells of the body and is
used to help produce
energy for muscular
contractions.
Facts about Aerobic Respiration



During aerobic respiration, the heart and
lungs supply the muscles with plenty of
oxygen.
The carbon dioxide is breathed out via the
lungs, while the water is lost as sweat, urine
or in the air we breathe out as water vapour.
As long as the muscles are supplied with
enough oxygen, exercising aerobically can be
carried out for a long period of time.
3
Aerobic respiration
produces carbon
dioxide & water as
waste products.
Energy systems
Aerobic system
The main source for long lasting exercises.
Fats + O2 + ADP
► CO2 + water + ATP
1- Glucose + ADP
► Lactic acid +
2- Lactic acid + O2 + ADP
► CO2 + water + ATP
ATP
Carbohydrate store is limited but Fat store is unlimited.
Low intensity exercises
► burn fats
High intensity exercises
► burn carbohydrate
Well trained athlete burn fats for a longer time thus saving carbohydrate.
Training increase aerobic capacity by 50%.
Dr. taghavi
Aerobic respiration is how marathon runners produce the energy that
is used in long periods of less intensive effort.
Glucose and
oxygen produce…
Aerobic respiration is how marathon runners produce the energy that
is used in long periods of less intensive effort.
Some is used for
muscle contractions,
creating movement.
Glucose and
oxygen produce…
Aerobic respiration is how marathon runners produce the energy that
is used in long periods of less intensive effort.
Some is used for
muscle contractions,
creating movement.
Glucose and
oxygen produce…
The rest is converted
into heat to warm
the body.
Water, which is
Carbon dioxide,
carried away by the
which is carried
blood and excreted
away by the blood
through the lungs,
& excreted through sweat and urine.
the lungs.
Sports
Max. Speed
Max. Endurance
Complex Speed & Endurance
Wrestling
Complex Speed & Endurance
Low weights
Max. Speed
High weights
Max. Endurance
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The Roles of the Three Energy
Systems in Competitive Sport
Muscle fibers
Slow Twitch – Type I
Fast Twitch – Types IIa & IIb
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Muscle fibers
Type I
Fibers
Fibre Type
Type IIa
Fibers
Type IIb
Fibers
Contraction time
Slow
Fast
Very Fast
Size of motor neuron
Small
Large
Very Large
Resistance to fatigue
High
Intermediate
Low
Activity Used for
Aerobic
Long term
anaerobic
Short term
anaerobic
Force production
Low
High
Very High
Mitochondrial density
High
High
Low
Capillary density
High
Intermediate
Low
Oxidative capacity
High
High
Low
Glycolytic capacity
Low
High
High
Major storage fuel
Fat
Glycogen , CP
CP, Glycogen
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Muscle fibers ratio
Sprinters
Shot putters
Long-high jumpers
Fast twitch
Slow twitch
Middle-distance runners
5, 10 km- Semi marathon
Marathon & Ultra long distance
0
50
100
FT
<30 sec
FT + ST
30 sec–1 min CP+Lac
ST + FT
1-3 min
Lac+O2 800m running, wrestling
ST
>30 min
O2
CP
Throwing, Jumping, 100m sprint, Tennis
200-400m sprint, 100m swimming
Marathon, Cross-country Skiing, Cycling
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Energy Systems in Wrestling
Anaerobic System
Lactic Acid
ATP-PC
Energy
100%
Time
0 8 sec
Aerobic System
2 min
4
15
135
Dr. taghavi
Energy Systems in Wrestling
100%
Time
HR-reserve
Intensity
70%
Aerobic System
0 8 sec
2 min
4
15
135
Dr. taghavi
Energy Systems in Wrestling
100%
Anaerobic System
Time
HR-reserve
Intensity
70%
Aerobic System
0 8 sec
2 min
4
15
135
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Energy Systems in Wrestling
100%
Anaerobic System
Time
HR-reserve
Intensity
70%
Aerobic System
CP
CP
0 8 sec
2 min
4
15
135
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Source of energy for wrestling
Fuel
 Carbohydrate
Energy Systems
 Fat
 Protein
 Anaerobic ATP-PC
 Anaerobic Lactic acid
ATP
 Aerobic
ENERGY
 Intensity of Sport
 Duration
MOVEMENT
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Anaerobic System in wrestling
 Carbohydrate
Anaerobic System
 Anaerobic ATP-PC
ATP
 Anaerobic Lactic acid
ENERGY
▲ Lactic Acid
Concentration
In Muscles
▲ Muscular pain
▼ Muscular contraction
▼ Mental concentration
Weakness
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Targeted training
Training should be specific, targeted at the energy system
involved in the particular sport.
Optimal training takes place at
a workout intensity that
maximally activates the
complete energy system
necessary for the sport.
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Heart Rate
Heart Rate
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Workload intensity
The best indicator to determine
the exercise intensity is
Heart Rate Monitoring
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Training intensity
Training intensity is essential for reaching maximum
performance.
Low intensity
Not improve
Necessary intensity
High intensity
Success
Injury-Overtraining
• As condition improves, training intensity should also increase.
• Training scheme should be continually evaluated & adapted.
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The best training control equipment
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Thank you for your attention.
Dr. M Taghavi