Transcript Slide 1 - Life Learning Cloud

Keywords: Active Transport, Haemoglobin, Anaerobic, Glycogen, Oxygen Debt. Dialysis
Blood
Plasma-liquid carries blood cells and
other substances e.g. glucose and CO2.
Red blood cells contain haemoglobin
this binds to oxygen creating
oxyhaemoglobin, the oxygen can then
be released to cells.
White blood cells make antibodies
Platelets help clotting
Active Transport
Used to move substances from low to
high concentration (against a
concentration gradient) it requires
energy so cells involved often have a lot
of mitochondria E.g. in the gut nutrients
are moved from gut (low conc) to blood
(high conc).
Exercise and the body
Ventilation how air enters and leaves the body
Muscles use aerobic respiration to release
energy
Glucose +oxygen carbon dioxide +water.
What do ribs do?
Glycogen in muscle cells is also converted to
glucose
More exercise means more muscle activity so
What does
more glucose and oxygen must be
diaphragm do
supplied and more carbon dioxide must
Space inside chest
be removed to enable this…
1)
Breathing rate increase and breathe
Pressure
deeper to meet the extra oxygen
demand
Lungs
2)
Heart pumps faster
3)
Arteries supplying the muscles dilate
Villi- projections in gut to
increase surface area
Insects spiracles (opening in
body) allow gases to diffuse
in. Oxygen is delivered direct
to tissues via tracheoles. The
tubes, are thin and moist and
air is pumped through by the
insect to maintain a
concentration gradient.
Breathing In
Breathing Out
Move up & out
Move down & in
Move down
Moves up
Gets bigger
Gets smaller
Decrease
Increases
Inflate
Deflate
Arteries- carry blood away
from heart.
Veins-carry blood towards
heart and contain valves to
prevent back flow
Capillaries-walls are a single
cell thick to allow exchange via
diffusion
Leaves
Waxy cuticle-keeps water in
Alveoli
Palisade layer-cells contain lots of
chloroplasts to capture light
Large surface area to maximise
diffusion
Stomata on lower surface to allow
gases in/out, they can be closed by
guard cells to conserve water
Moist so that gases can dissolve and
diffuse.
Spongy mesophyll layer has air
spaces to allow gases to move
between cells
Thin and flat so there is a short
distance over which diffusion occurs
Thin walls =short distance for
diffusion
Good blood supply via capillaries this
maintains a steep concentration
gradient.
Keywords: Fermentation, Lactic Acid, Transpiration, Capillaries, Biofuels, Alveoli, Surface Area, Diffusion, Aseptic
Transplants
Dialysis
Yeast-a single celled microbe it can respire with or without
oxygen
Good
Live more normal life
e.g eat what you want
Allows to survive
don’t need
operation and no
risk of rejection
Bad
Long waiting list
Take drugs that
suppress immune
system so risk of
infection
Expensive to run
Not pleasant and
several sessions a
week needed
Making bread- the yeast respires making CO2 which gets
trapped causing the bread to rise
Alcohol - barley grains are soaked in water. Germination
begins and enzymes break down the starch in the grains into a
sugary solution (malting). This solution is used as an energy
source for the yeast. The yeast and sugar mixture is
fermented to produce alcohol, when hops are often added to
give the drink its flavour. When making wine sugars in grapes
are used by the yeast cells as an energy source.
Anaerobic Respiration
Glucose broken down without oxygen, occurs
during vigorous exercise when enough oxygen
can’t be supplied to the muscles.
Glucose  energy +lactic acid
Allows muscles to keep working but does not
release as much energy as aerobic respiration
and build up of lactic acid is painful.
Double Circulation System
The right side pumps deoxygenated
blood to the lungs to collect oxygen
and remove carbon dioxide. The
left side pumps oxygenated blood
around body.
Leads to oxygen debt, oxygen is needed after
exercise to break down lactic acid in to CO2 and
water.
Kidneys (made up of nephrons)
1)
A high pressure forces water, urea, ions
and sugar out of the blood and into the
Bowmans capsule. Large molecules like
proteins and blood cells can not fit
through.
2)
Useful substances are reabsorbed; all
sugar is but the amount of ions and water
reabsorbed will vary. (the reabsorption is
via active transport)
3)
Remaining substances including urea
continue down nephron and down to
bladder via collecting duct.
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Fermenters
Used to grow microbes on a
large scale, the following are
required;
Making Cheese
Bacteria are added to milk, solid
curds are formed. The curds
are separated from the liquid
whey and left to mature.
Making Yoghurt
Milk is heated to kill any
bacteria, a starter bacteria
culture is then added. Bacteria
ferment lactose sugar into
lactic acid. The lactic acid
causes the milk to clot and
solidify.
-food in nutrient medium
Biogas
-air to provide oxygen
This can be made by anaerobic
fermentation of waste material
in a generator
-water cooled jacket as
microbes make heat by
respiration
-pH probe
-stirrer to keep microbes in
suspension and maintain even
temperature
Batch generator-gas is made in
small batches the generator is
filled with waste and cleared at
the end of each session
Continuous- gas is made all the
time as waste material is
continually fed in and digested
material removed.
Biofuels
Ethanol is made from sugar cane juice or from glucose obtained
from maize starch.
Advantages- doesn’t contribute to acid rain, is carbon neutral as
any CO2 released was taken in by plants, uses cheap and readily
available materials, digested material can be used as a fertiliser.