Transcript Acc_Bio_Sem2_FERP

Final Exam Review
ACCELERATED BIOLOGY
SECOND SEMESTER
Unit 6 – BIOTECHNOLOGY
Define the following terms:
 Biotechnology: using living
organisms to produce
something useful for humans
 Restriction Enzymes:
recognize specific DNA
sequences and cut the DNA
between specific nucleotides
 Sticky Ends: pieces of DNA
with short single stands on
each end that are
complimentary to each other
Unit 6 – BIOTECHNOLOGY
Define the following terms:
 Plasmid: small circular pieces
of DNA found in bacteria
 Vector: carrier of the DNA
Ex) virus, yeast, plasmid
 Recombinant DNA: formed
when DNA is combined from
different organisms
Unit 6 – BIOTECHNOLOGY
Define the following terms:
 Ligase: Enzyme that pastes the sticky ends of a gene and plasmid
together
 Reverse Transcriptase: Enzyme that uses mRNA to make DNA.
(It is the reverse of transcription!)
Unit 6 – BIOTECHNOLOGY
 Electrophoresis:
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Method of separating DNA
fragments based on size
DNA fingerprint is formed
Can identify a person or find
a certain gene
Unit 6 – BIOTECHNOLOGY
 How can we benefit from a human gene that has been placed into
a bacterium?
 Human genes that produce human proteins can be added to
bacteria or yeast to mass produce the proteins (insulin, human
growth hormone)
 What is the process of making an organism with another
organism’s DNA included called?
 Recombinant DNA
Unit 6 – BIOTECHNOLOGY
 Explain the process of gel
electrophoresis and the movement of
DNA based on size and charge.
 DNA fragments put into a gel
 Tracks have a positive charge at one
end and negative at the other
 The negatively–charged DNA moves
toward the positive end
 Smallest fragments move the furthest
 Fragments are dyed to get visible
bands
 DNA fingerprint is formed
 Can ID person or find a certain gene
Unit 6 – BIOTECHNOLOGY
 Explain a genetically modified crop (GMO).
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can add favorable characteristics to a plant by manipulating
the plant’s genes
 What are the benefits?

you can engineer crops that . . .
 have an improved nutritional value (added genes to rice)
 are resistant to drought
 produce their own insecticides
 Drawbacks?
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uncertain long term effects of eating GMOs
GMO crops can cross breed with other crops (wind pollination)
Unit 6 – BIOTECHNOLOGY
 Looking at the gel above,
which is most likely the
father? Father #1 or Father
#2? (circle one) Explain
what lead you to this
conclusion.
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If the mother does not have
the band in common with
the offspring, the father
must have it!
Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
 For each of the following, give an example of animal groups
(fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals) that uses it
generally (there are exceptions of course) and at least one
advantage and disadvantage of each.
Reproductive
Method
Animals that
use this
Advantages
Disadvantages
Internal
fertilization
reptiles, birds,
mammals
(flowers!)
protected
fewer offspring
External
fertilization
fish, amphibians
large number of
gametes
not protected
(few survive)
Internal
development
mammals
developing fetus is
safe inside
mother’s body
fewer offspring
External
development
birds and reptiles
(eggs)
more offspring
eggs must be
protected
Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
 Fill in the chart below that shows characteristics of sexual and
asexual reproduction:
Asexual
Reproduction
Sexual
Reproduction
Description
Advantages
Disadvantag
es
no gametes,
ex) binary
fission,
budding,
spores
simple,
efficient,
requires very
little energy,
no mate
needed
offspring are
clones of the
bacteria, yeast,
parent (ALL
hydra, ferns
share the same
weaknesses)
fusion of
gametes
genetic
variation
must attract a
mate (takes
time, energy)
some males
compete to the
death
Organisms
that use it
cats, humans
Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
 Label the following diagram:
urinary bladder
urethra
If the vas
deferens is cut,
then . . .
prostrate
penis
seminal vesicle
epididymis
vas deferens
testis
Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
 For each part below, describe its function:
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Testis – where sperm is produced
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Epididymis – where sperm mature and are stored
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Vas Deferens – long tube that connects the epididymis to the
urethra. If cut (vasectomy) sperm will no longer be released
from the male’s body
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Urethra – common passageway for urine and semen to exit the
body
Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
 For each part below, describe its function:

Prostate – secretes an alkaline (basic) fluid that neutralizes the
acids in the female reproductive system
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Seminal vesicle – produces a fluid rich in sugars that sperm
use for energy

Penis – deposits sperm in the female reproductive system
during sexual intercourse
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Scrotum – external skin sac that regulates temperature for
sperm production (scrotum is 3˚C cooler and ideal
temperature for sperm development)
Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
 On the diagram in number 8, draw the path sperm would take
from the place it is made to where it leaves the body.
Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
 Label the following 2 diagrams:
Fallopian tube (oviduct)
ovary
uterus
cervix
vagina
Vaginal opening
Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
 On the diagrams in number 11, draw the path an egg would take
from the place it is made to where it leaves the body. Put a star
where fertilization takes place. Put a circle where implantation
takes place.
If the
fallopian
tube is cut,
then . . .
Fallopian tube (oviduct)
ovary
uterus
vagina
Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
 For each part below, describe its function:
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Ovary – produce eggs and sex hormones
Oviduct – passageway that leads ovum from the ovary to the
uterus. smooth muscle contractions move ovum towards the
uterus and is the site of fertilization. If cut (tubal ligation) then
sperm can not reach the egg.
Uterus – if ovum is fertilized, implants in wall of uterus –
pregnancy results
Vagina – birth canal through which infants pass when born
Cervix – narrow portion at the bottom of uterus that provides
opening to uterus from vagina
Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
 How are egg cells and sperm cells the same?
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Both contain 23 chromosomes (haploid)
Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
 How are they different? Why are they different.
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Sperm
Motile – propelled by
flagellum
Much smaller than egg
Males begin to produce sperm
during puberty
Males release millions of
sperm at one time
Consist of a head, midpiece,
and a tail
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Ovum
Nonmotile – smooth muscle
contractions of the fallopian
tube move ovum towards the
uterus
Much larger than sperm; can
be seen by the unaided eye
Females are born with all the
eggs they will ever have ~ 2
million
Females usually release one
egg a month
Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
 Sketch a sperm cell and label
the parts and their functions.
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head – contains an enzyme
that can penetrate the
unfertilized egg (called the
acrosome)
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Midpiece – contains
mitochondria to supply
energy for sperm movement
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tail – flagella propels the
sperm forward
Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
 What is the function of a hormone? How do they get around the
body?
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Substances secreted by cells that act to regulate the activity of
other cells in the body. They act as chemical messengers and
are released into the bloodstream.
 To which biomolecule groups can they belong?
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Proteins
Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
 For each of the hormones, state the general function in the
female and where each is produced.
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FSH – stimulates development of the follicle
LH – spike in LH triggers ovulation on day 14
Estrogen – causes uterine wall to thicken
(endometrium – bloody uterine lining)
Progesterone – maintains the uterine lining
HCG – human chorionic gonadotropin sustains the corpus
luteum. Corpus luteum will continue to produce estrogen and
progesterone to maintain the endometrium. Without HCG
menstruation begins and embryo is aborted. Pregnancy tests
check for presence of HCG in urine
Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
 For each of the following hormones, state the general function in
the male and where each is produced.
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FSH – stimulate sperm production
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LH – released by the pituitary gland, stimulates the secretion
of testosterone
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Testosterone – stimulate sperm production
Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
 Describe negative feedback.
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A change in one direction stimulates a counteraction in the
other direction.
 High levels of a hormone, inhibit the production of more
hormone
 Low levels of the hormone stimulate the production of more
hormone
Most hormone release is regulated through negative feedback.
 Give an example of it in the male reproductive system and an
example in the female reproductive system.
Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
 Give an example of it in the male reproductive system and an
example in the female reproductive system
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HIGH levels of testosterone INHIBIT the release of LH.
Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
 Describe positive feedback.
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HIGH levels of a hormone stimulate the output of even MORE
hormone
 Give an example of it in the female reproductive system.
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An infant suckling stimulates milk production
Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
What is
happening
with
hormones
What is
happening in
the uterus
Where is the
egg located
Approximate
days of the
cycle
Follicular stage
FSH increasing
lining is shed,
then thickens
the egg matures
inside the
follicle
1-13
Ovulation
Spike in LH
Lining is
thickening
released from
ovary
14
Luteal stage
Estrogen and
Progesterone
increase
lining thickens
in preparation
for
implantation
fallopian tube
15-28
Menstruation
Progesterone
drops
endometrium
(blooding
lining) is shed
Exits body
along with
uterine lining
1-5
Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION
 Label the diagram of the
heart below. Include all blood
vessels, valves, and
chambers.
 On the diagram above, shade
in the side of the heart that
contains oxygen poor blood.
Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION
 List all the structures a molecule of O2 would pass traveling
through the heart.
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left atrium  bicuspid (mitral) valve  left ventricle  aortic
valve  aorta
Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION
 Distinguish between each of the 3 types of blood vessels.
 Which vessels are the thickest? The thinnest?
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Arteries are the thickest since they have the highest pressure
Capillaries are the thinnest (1 cell thick)
 The direction of flow?
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Arteries – away from the heart
Veins – back to the heart
 Which vessels have valves?
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Veins
Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION
 What is the major function of the capillaries?
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Where gas exchange takes place
Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION
 In which vessels is the oxygen
content of the blood reversed?
 The pulmonary arteries and
veins
 Explain why.
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Blood is going to the lungs
to pick up the O2 that was
just inhaled and drop off
CO2 to be exhaled
Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION
 What is the most muscular
chamber of the heart?
 The left ventricle
 Explain why?
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It has to pump blood to the
entire body. Up to your head
and down to your toes!
Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION
 What are the 4 components of whole
blood? Describe and give the function
of each component.
 Plasma – liquid portion that carries
dissolved nutrients (90% water)
 Red blood cells – Transports oxygen
(hemoglobin protein binds to the
oxygen; biconcave shape increases
the surface area)
 White blood cells – defend the body
against disease
 Platelets – clotting
Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION
 Explain the 3 disorders/diseases below associated with the circulatory
system.
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Anemia – the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood cells is reduced.
Can result from a loss of blood or nutritional deficiencies. Symptoms
include fatigue, loss of energy, leg cramps. Organs are not getting the
oxygen they need
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Hemophilia – a disease where the blood fails to clot. Caused by a
mutation in the gene that codes for one of the blood clotting factor
proteins
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Leukemia – cancer of the blood. The bone marrow starts to make a
lot of abnormal white blood cells, called leukemia cells
Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION
 Explain the difference between diastolic and systolic blood
pressure.
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It is measured as a ratio in mm of Hg (Mercury)
Systolic
diastolic
Systolic is the pressure exerted when the ventricles contract
and blood is pushed into the arteries
Diastolic is the pressure exerted when the ventricles relax
Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION
 Explain the difference between diastolic and systolic blood
pressure.
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An average BP reading is 120/80
Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION
Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION
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diaphragm – controls breathing
oral cavity –
nasal cavity – filters, warms, moistens inhaled air
bronchi – two branches of the trachea that lead to each lung
pharynx – common passage way (oral and nasal cavity meet)
larynx – contains the vocal chords
epiglottis – prevents food from entering the trachea
bronchioles – smaller branches of the bronchi
trachea – wind pipe with cartilaginous rings
intercostals – Muscles between ribs that aid in breathing
aveoli – air sacs in lungs where gas exchange occurs (increase
surface area)
Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION
 Describe the sequence of events that occurs in order to breathe.
Include the action of the diaphragm, rib cage, and the change in
pressure between the lungs and the outside environment.
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Inhalation
 Intercostals and diaphragm contract
 Diaphragm flattens and pulls downward
 Rib cage is pushed up and out causing a decrease in the air
pressure in the lungs (air pressure in lungs is now lower
than atmospheric pressure)
 Air is sucked into lungs
Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION
 Describe the sequence of events that occurs in order to breathe.
Include the action of the diaphragm, rib cage, and the change in
pressure between the lungs and the outside environment.
Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION
 What is pneumonia?

Infection in the lungs caused by a bacteria or a virus that
makes breathing difficult.