Transcript Animal Kingdom – Pt 4

Animal Kingdom – Pt 4
Dr. James Whitfield, Ph.D.
Phylum - Chordata
 The defining characteristics of the Phylum Chordata
is the presence of a notochord, a dorsal hollow
nerve cord and paired pharyngeal slits
 All chordates are bilaterally symmetrical,
triploblastic coelomates with organ level
classification
 All chordates have a ventral heart and a post anal
tail
Phylum - Chordata
Comparison between
Chordates and Non- Chordates
Phylum - Chordata
 The phylum chordata is divided in three subphyla
 Urochordata or Tunicata
Phylum - Chordata
 The phylum chordata is divided in three subphyla
 Urochordata or Tunicata
 Cephalochordata
Phylum - Chordata
 The phylum chordata is divided in three subphyla
 Urochordata or Tunicata
 Cephalochordata
 Vertebrata
Phylum - Chordata
 The subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata
are often referred to as protochordates. They are
exclusively marine
Phylum - Chordata
 The subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata
are often referred to as protochordates. They are
exclusively marine
 In the Urochordates the notochord is present only in
the larval stages, whereas in the Cephalocordates
the notochord is present throughout life
Phylum - Chordata
Larval stage of the tunicata (Left) and the adult stage (right) The larval free
swimming phase has all the characteristics of chordates. The adult tunicates
also called sea squirts are sessile
Phylum - Chordata
Lancet or amphioxisus is the primary example of the cephalochordata
Phylum - Chordata
 Members of the sub-phylum vertebrata possess a
notochord during embryonic development which is
replaced by the vertebral column as an adult
Phylum - Chordata
 Members of the sub-phylum vertebrata possess a
notochord during embryonic development which is
replaced by the vertebral column as an adult
 Thus all vertebrates are chordates but not all
chordates are vertebrates
The Phylum Vertebrata is Subdivided
as Follows
Vertebrates
Agnatha
Gnathostomata
(Lacks Jaws)
(Has Jaws)
Super Class
Pisces - Fins
Class
Cyclostomata
Tetrapods Limbs
Class
Class
Chrondrichthyes
Osteichthyes
Amphibia
Reptilia
Aves
Mammals
Class - Cyclostomata
 All members of the the class cyclostomata are
ectoparasites for some species of fish
Class - Cyclostomata
 All members of the the class cyclostomata are
ectoparasites for some species of fish
 Hey have an elongated body with multiple pairs of
gill slits
Class - Cyclostomata
 All members of the the class cyclostomata are
ectoparasites for some species of fish
 Hey have an elongated body with multiple pairs of
gill slits
 They have a sucking, circular mouth without jaws.
They are devoid of scales and paired fins
Class - Cyclostomata
 All members of the the class cyclostomata are
ectoparasites for some species of fish
 Hey have an elongated body with multiple pairs of
gill slits
 They have a sucking, circular mouth without jaws.
They are devoid of scales and paired fins
 They have a cartilagenous cranium and vertebral
column
Class - Cyclostomata
 They live in the oceans but migrate to fresh water to
spawn.
Class - Cyclostomata
 They live in the oceans but migrate to fresh water to
spawn.
 Within a few days of spawning they die and the
larvae return to the ocean
Class - Cyclostomata
Hagfish slime - the biomaterial of the future – 100X thinner than a human hair
10X stronger than nylon
Class - Chondrichthyes
 All members of the class chondrichthyes are marine
animals, with a streamed line cartilagenous body
Class - Chondrichthyes
 All members of the class chondrichthyes are marine
animals, with a streamed line cartilagenous body
 The notochord is present throughout life
Class - Chondrichthyes
 All members of the class chondrichthyes are marine
animals, with a streamed line cartilagenous body
 The notochord is present throughout life
 Gills slits re present but without the operculum (gill
cover)
Class - Chondrichthyes
 All members of the class chondrichthyes are marine
animals, with a streamed line cartilagenous body
 The notochord is present throughout life
 Gills slits re present but without the operculum (gill
cover)
 The skin is tough with small placoid scales. Placoid
scales are homologous to teeth in mammals with a
central pulp cavity covered by a layer of dentin
Class - Chondrichthyes
 All members of the class chondrichthyes have teeth
(that are modified placoid scales) that point
backward
 The do not have a swim bladder – hence they need
to continue swimming or they will sink and die
Class - Chondrichthyes
 All members of the class chondrichthyes are coldblooded (poikilothermous) animals with a twochambered heart (one auricle and one ventricle)
Class - Chondrichthyes
 Some rays have electric organs, organic `batteries'
formed from modified muscle tissue. The cells of
these organs form tiny stacks of batteries in series to
increase the voltage, while adjacent stacks produce
a parallel effect to increase the amperage or current
flow. Skates have elongated, spindle-shaped electric
organs in their tails, which may serve in self-defense
to ward off potential predators
Class - Chondrichthyes
 Some members have poison stingers in their tails
that can inject a lethal venom
 Sexes are separate. They have internal fertilization
and many are vivaparous, however some are
oviparous and some are ovoviparous. The male
pelvic fins sport claspers to be used in reproduction
Most famous member of the class chondrichthyes
Class - Osteichtyes
 This class includes all marine and fresh water fish
with an endoskeleton
Class - Osteichtyes
 This class includes all marine and fresh water fish
with an endoskeleton
 Unlike the chondrichthyes, the gills of osteichtyes
are covered by an operculum (a bony covering)
important in oxygen absorption
Class - Osteichtyes
 This class includes all marine and fresh water fish
with an endoskeleton
 Unlike the chondrichthyes, the gills of osteichtyes
are covered by an operculum (a bony covering)
important in oxygen absorption
 Fish of either class are cold-blooded (poikilotherms)
they have an air bladder which helps to maintain
bouyancy, they have a two chambered heart, two
sexes, external fertilization. Once again some are
oviparous, ovoviparous and viviporous
Class - Amphibia
 Amphibians can live in both aquatic and terrestrial
environments. However, they all lay eggs covered
in gelatinous material that necessitates them being
laid in water with indirect development (i.e.
tadpoles become frogs)
Class - Amphibia
 Amphibians can live in both aquatic and terrestrial
environments. However, they all lay eggs covered
in gelatinous material that necessitates them being
laid in water with indirect development (i.e.
tadpoles become frogs)
 The body is divisible into a head and trunk, they
have moist skin which is important for oxygen
diffusion (they all have undeveloped lungs). The
eyes have a third or nictitating membrane, with an
earlike tympanum posterior to the eye
Class - Amphibia
 All amphibians (as well as reptile and birds)have a
common opening for the digestive, reproductive
and urinary tract called the cloaca
Class - Amphibia
 All amphibians (as well as reptile and birds)have
acoomon opening for the digestive, reproductive
and urinary tract called the cloaca
 Amphibians have a three chambered heart (two
atria and one ventricle)
 They are cold-blooded
 They have separate sexes with external fertilization.
They are oviparous with indirect development
The Cane Toad is an invasive species in the Southern United States it’s
native to Central and South America. Its skin produces a chemical called
5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine. The chemical gets into the body
and acts as a serotonin agonist, binding to serotonin receptors and
releasing a lot of the feel-good substance into the body. However, It's a
cardiotoxic steroid that can release massive bursts of adrenalin in the
person or animal that ingests it; the adrenalin first increases the heart
rate and then causes fibrillation. Enough of the toxin causes irregular
heartbeat, seizures, and death.
Class - Reptilia
 The word repere to creep or crawl hence the name
reptile refers to the method of locomotion among
members of this class
Class - Reptilia
 The word repere to creep or crawl hence the name
reptile refers to the method of locomotion among
members of this class
 Retiles are mostly terrestrial whose body is covered
with dry cornified skin and scales or scutes
Class - Reptilia
 The word repere to creep or crawl hence the name
reptile refers to the method of locomotion among
members of this class
 Retiles are mostly terrestrial whose body is covered
with dry cornified skin and scales or scutes
 Limbs when present are paired, sexes are separate,
fertilization is internal, they are oviparous and
development is direct
Class - Reptilia
 Reptiles have a three chambered heart. However,
the crocodilia have a highly modified four
chambered heart. Crocodiles may have the most
complex of all vertebrate animals
Class - Reptilia
 Reptiles have a three chambered heart. However,
the crocodilia have a highly modified four
chambered heart. Crocodiles may have the most
complex of all vertebrate animals
 Crocodiles have both a right and left aorta
connected by hole called the Foramen of Panizza
Class - Reptilia
 Reptiles have a three chambered heart. However,
the crocodilia have a highly modified four
chambered heart. Crocodiles may have the most
complex of all vertebrate animals
 Crocodiles have both a right and left aorta
connected by hole called the Foramen of Panizza
 They have specialized valves that when they are
submerged can direct the blood to the left aorta to
the body and away from the lungs
Class - Reptilia
 This valve can also be used to shunt extra blood to
the stomach. Blood returning from the body to the
heart has extra carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is
also a building block of stomach acid, which helps
digest food. So, when blood rich with carbon
dioxide goes to the stomach instead of the lungs, it
can aid digestion.
Class - Aves
 The characteristic feature of the class aves (birds) is
the presence of feathers and that with a few
exceptions (ostrich, kiwi, penguins) they can fly
Class - Aves
 The characteristic feature of the class aves (birds) is
the presence of feathers and that with a few
exceptions (ostrich, kiwi, penguins) they can fly
 The forelimbs of birds have been modified into
wings. The hind limbs are generally designed for
walking, swimming or clasping tree branches
Class - Aves
 The characteristic feature of the class aves (birds) is
the presence of feathers and that with a few
exceptions (ostrich, kiwi, penguins) they can fly
 The forelimbs of birds have been modified into
wings. The hind limbs are generally designed for
walking, swimming or clasping tree branches
Class - Aves
 The characteristic feature of the class aves (birds) is
the presence of feathers and that with a few
exceptions (ostrich, kiwi, penguins) they can fly
 The forelimbs of birds have been modified into
wings. The hind limbs are generally designed for
walking, swimming or clasping tree branches
 Birds have oil glands at the base of their tails to aid
in waterproofing feathers
Class - Aves
 Birds have a fully ossified endoskeleton in which
the hollow long bones contain air sacs
 The digestive tract of birds contains some additional
organs, the crop (which is used to store excess food)
and a two chambered stomach, the first chamber the
proventriculus secretes acid with a pH of 0.2! It is
used to diest skin, bone and hair. The second
portion the gizzard, is used to grind up and digest
material that has survived the proventriculus.
Class - Aves
 All birds are homeotherms (warm-blooded) with a
four chambered heart
Class - Aves
 All birds are homeotherms (warm-blooded) with a
four chambered heart
 They all have lungs as well as additional air sacs for
supplemental respiration
Class - Aves
 All birds are homeotherms (warm-blooded) with a
four chambered heart
 They all have lungs as well as additional air sacs for
supplemental respiration
 Fertilization is internal, they are oviparous and the
development is direct
Class - Mammalia
 All mammals
 Are warm blooded
 All mammals have hair or fur (sometimes its hard to
find and may be very sparse)
 Most are born alive (monotremes lay eggs)
 The young are nourished on milk produced in the
modified sweat glands called mammary glands
 All mammals share a common evolutionary history
dating back about 300 million years
Class - Mammalia
 All mammals
 Have external ears
 Have a single solid lower jaw bone (mandible)
 Have 3 bones in the middle ear, the stapes, incus and
malleus
 Have a single aortic arch that curves to the left (in
birds it goes right and in all other vertebrates multiple
arteries leave the heart)
 Have a diagram – in fact only mammals have a
diaphragm
Thank you!