Transcript General Human Anatomy Introduction

GENERAL HUMAN ANATOMY
Biology 220
Professor Sharon
Daniel
PERSPECTIVES
The Classification of Humans
The Definition of Anatomy
Structural Levels of Organization
The Relationship of Structure to Function
The Systems of the Human Body
CLASSIFICATION OF
HUMANS
Classification Scheme
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primate
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: Sapiens
Scientific Binominal: Homo sapiens
KINGDOM
6 Recognized Kingdoms
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Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
EUBACTERIA
Characteristics
 Prokaryotes
 Unicellular
 Microscopic
Kinds
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Decomposers
Parasites
Some Photosynthetic
Some recycle nitrogen
ARCHAEBACTERIA
Characteristics
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Prokaryotes
Unicellular
microscopic
Differ biochemically
from Eubacteria
Kinds
 Methanogens
 Halophiles
 Thermophiles
PROTISTA
Characteristics
• Eukaryotes
• Mostly
unicellular
Kinds
• Protozoa, Algae
and Slime Molds
FUNGI
Characteristics
 Eukaryotes
 Heterotrophic
 Absorb nutrients, do
not photosynthesize
Kinds
 Decomposers; some
parasitic
PLANTAE
Characteristics
 Eukaryotes
 Multicellular
 Photosynthetic
Kinds
 Primary producers; important
source of oxygen in Earth’s
atmosphere
ANIMALIA
Characteristics
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Eukaryotes
Multicellular Organisms
Must eat other organisms for nourishment
High degree of tissue and body organization in
complex animals
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Motility
Complex Sense Organs
Nervous Systems
Muscular Systems
PHYLA of the Animal Kingdom
Range
 from Simple (Phylum Protozoa)
 to complex (Phylum Chordata)
Phylogeny = the study of Phyla
Ontogeny = the study of individual
development
Embryology = the study of prenatal
development
Classification requires the study of all phases
of the life cycle
Phylum: Chordata
 Characteristics
 Dorsal hollow Nerve
Cord
 Notochord
 Pharyngeal Pouches
 Seen in all Chordates
 In some, only present
in the embryo
 Must study embryology
to properly classify
Dorsal hollow Nerve Cord
 See in human embryos
 Lies dorsal to the
Notochord
 Develops into the Brain
and Spinal Cord of
adults
Notochord
Flexible rod of tissue
Mid-dorsal
Position later
occupied by the
vertebral column
In adult, only
remnants are inside
intervertebral discs
Pharyngeal
Pouches
Envaginations of
pharyngeal walls
Gill slits in fish
In human adults,
become:
 Eustachian tube
 Middle ear cavity
 Tympanic membrane
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Characteristics
 Animals with backbones
• Forms a vertebral column
• In most animals, largely replaces the notochord
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Endoskeleton
Closed circulatory system
Paired kidneys that regulate fluid balance
Complete digestive system
Sexes typically separate
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Other Characteristics
 Bilateral Symmetry
• An animal can be sectioned
into right and left haves; one
the mirror image of the other
 Segmentation
 Tube-within-a-tube body
plan
 Body Cavities
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Other
Characteristics
 Bilateral Symmetry
 Segmentation:
 Tube-within-a-tube
body plan
 Body Cavities
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Other
Characteristics
 Bilateral Symmetry
 Segmentation
 Tube-within-a-tube
body plan:
• Tube formed by
digestive organs
within the body
 Body Cavities
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Other Characteristics
 Bilateral Symmetry
 Segmentation
 Tube-within-a-tube
body plan
 Body Cavities:
• Closed to the external
environment
• Contain internal organs
Body Cavities: Dorsal
Cranial Cavity
 Houses the
Brain
Vertebral Canal
 Houses the
Spinal Cord
Body Cavities: Ventral
(Lateral View)
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominopelvic
Cavity (contains
the “viscera”)
 Abdominal Cavity
 Pelvic Cavity
Lined by serous
membranes
Body Cavities: Thoracic
(Anterior View)
Mediastinum: a
potential space that
contains the heart,
great vessels,
trachea, esophagus,
etc
Plural Cavities:
contain the lungs
Pericardial
Cavity: contains
the heart
Serous Cavities
Ventral Body Cavity
Lined by a serous membrane, or
Serosa
 Parietal serosa: forms outer wall of cavity
 Visceral serosa: covers the visceral organs
Serous fluid
 Secreted by the membranes
 Is slick; reduces friction
Serous Pericardium
Around the Heart
Parietal Pericardium
Visceral Pericardium
Pericardial Cavity
 Filled with serous fluid
The Plural Cavities
Around the Lungs
Parietal Pleura:
 lines walls of thoracic cavity
Visceral Pleura:
 covers each lung
The Peritoneal Cavity
Around some abdominopelvic organs
Contained within the abdominopelvic
cavity
Parietal Peritoneum
 Covers wall of abdominopelvic cavity
Visceral Peritoneum
 Covers organs of the peritoneal cavity
Some organs are retroperitoneal
Abdominal Divisions
Quadrants: 4
 Right Upper
Quadrant
 Right Lower
Quadrant
 Left Upper
Quadrant
 Left Lower
Quadrant
Abdominal Divisions
Regions: 9
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Rt Hypochondriac region
Rt Lumbar region
Rt Iliac (Inguinal) region
Epigastric region
Umbilical region
Hypogastric (Pubic) region
Lt Hypochondriac region
Lt Lumbar region
Lt Iliac (Inguinal) region
Other Cavities
Oral cavity
Nasal cavity
Orbital cavities
Middle ear cavities
Synovial cavities
Classes
Osteichthyes
Amphibia
Reptilia
Aves
Mammalia
Class Osteichthyes
Characteristic
 Bony fish
 Marine and
fresh water
 Gills
 Swim bladder
 Cold-blooded
 Generally
oviparous
Class Amphibia
Aquatic larva typically
metamorposize into terrestrial
adults
Gas exchange through lungs
and/or moist skin
Heart consists of two atria and
one ventricle
Systemic and pulmonary
circulations
Class Reptila
Tetrapods
Mainly terrestrial
Body covered with hard scales
Reproduction adapted for land (internal
fertilization, leathery shell, amnion)
Lungs
Ventricles of the heart partially divided
Class Aves
Tetrapods with feathers
Anterior limbs modified into wings
Compact, streamlined body
Lungs
Four-chambered heart
Completed separation of oxygen-rich and
oxygen-poor blood
Endotherms
Vocal calls and complex songs
Class Mammalia
Characteristics
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Hair
Mammary glands
Differentiation of teeth
Muscular diaphragm
Endotherms
Four-chambered heart with systemic and
pulmonary circuits
 Red blood cells without nuclei
 Complex nervous system
 Internal fertilization
Order Primates
Five digits
Nails
Usually an opposable
thumb
Cerebrum
Family Hominidae
Large cerebrum
Highly developed
eyesight
Terrestrial biped
Genus Homo
Steep facial angle
Prominent nose
Prominent chin
Less prominent
supraorbital ridges
Species Sapiens
Largest Cerebrum
Increasing Brain Size
Increasing Skeletal size
Increasing tool use
Decreasing tooth size
Decreasing Skeletal robustness
PERSPECTIVES
The Classification of Humans
The Definition of Anatomy
Structural Levels of Organization
The Relationship of Structure to Function
The Systems of the Human Body
THE DEFINITION OF ANATOMY
Anatomy
 Greek=to cut up, or dissect
 The science that deals with the structure of the
body
Kinds:
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Gross Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
Developmental Anatomy
Comparative Anatomy
Gross Anatomy
Definition:
 That which can be seen with the naked eye
Kinds:
 Regional:
• body studied by area
 Systematic:
• body studied by system
Microscopic Anatomy
Definition:
 That which can be seen with the assisted eye
Kinds:
 Cytology:
• The study of cells
 Histology:
• The study of tissues
 Organology:
• The study of organs
Developmental Anatomy
Definition:
 The study of anatomical changes in a life cycle
Kinds:
 Embryology:
• The study of prenatal development
 Postnatal development:
• The study of structures after birth
 Ontogeny:
• Total development of an individual
Comparative Anatomy
Definition:
 Comparison of structures between
organisms
Kinds:
 Vertebrate:
• Comparison of structures among the vertebrate
classes
 Phylogeny:
• The study of phyla, and their relationships
Physiology
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The scientific discipline that studies the
function of body structures.
Structure and function cannot be completely
separated.
Form is related to function
History of Anatomy
In Western Civilization: began around the
Mediterranean Sea
 Mesopotamia
The Greeks
 Hippocrates (~400 B.C.): Father of Medicine
 Aristotle (384-322 B.C.): structure and function
Alexandria in Egypt
 First Medical School, cadaver dissection
 Herophilus (300 B.C.): Father of Anatomy
Rome (after Alexandria fell)
 Galen (A.D. 130-201): “the supreme authority”
History
 After the Fall of Rome (476 A.D.): the dark ages
 Medical knowledge saved by Byzantium and the Islamic
world
 monasteries
 1200’s
 Out of the dark ages
 Medical schools in Solerno, Bologna Italy
 1400’s: Renaissance
 Leonardo de Vinci (1452-1519)
 Vesalius: the “Reformer of Anatomy” (1514-1564)
 Based on cadaver dissection again; corrected Galen
 The father of modern anatomy
 The emergence of modern medicine
Tashrih al-badan
manuscript
Ca 1400-1500
By
Mansur ibn Muhammad
ibn Ahmad ibn Yusuf
ibn Faqih LLyas
Persian Anatomist
50
Tibb al-Akbar
manuscript
Female figure
Ca
1650-1700
by
Muhammad Akbar
Persian Physician
51
Leonardo’s
Sketches
52
De Humani
Corporis
Fabrica
Albinus
Tabulae Sceleti e
Musculorum Corporis
Humani
(London, 1749).
Copperplate engraving
with etching. National
Library of Medicine
Plastination: Gunter von
Hagen
PERSPECTIVES
The Classification of Humans
The Definition of Anatomy
Structural Levels of Organization
The Relationship of Structure to Function
The Systems of the Human Body
STRUCTURAL LEVELS OF
ORGANIZATION
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism
PERSPECTIVES
The Classification of Humans
The Definition of Anatomy
Structural Levels of Organization
The Relationship of Structure to Function
The Systems of the Human Body
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
Metabolism: sum of all chemical
processes that occur in the body
 Anabolism: building; requires energy
 Catabolism: break-down; releases energy
Excitability/Conductivity:
Contractility
Growth and Development
Reproduction
PERSPECTIVES
The Classification of Humans
The Definition of Anatomy
Structural Levels of Organization
The Relationship of Structure to Function
The Systems of the Human Body
Integumentary System
Components
 Skin
 Hair, nails
Function
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External covering
Protection
Synthesis of Vitamin D
Location of Sense receptors
Skeletal System
Components
 Bones
 Joints and adjacent cartilages
Function
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Support
Protection
Movement
Blood cell production (red bone
marrow)
 Mineral storage (calcium and
phosphorus)
Muscular System
Components
 Skeletal Muscles
 Associated Connective
Tissues (tendons)
Function
 Locomotion
 Manipulation of the
environment
 Facial expression
(communication)
 Maintain posture
 Produce heat
Circulatory System
Components
 Cardiovascular System
 Lymphatic System
Function
 Transportation of materials
 Within the body
 To and from internal and external
environments
Cardiovascular
System
Components
 Heart
 Vessels
Function
 Transportation of blood
 Blood contains O2 and CO2,
nutrients, wastes, etc.
 Blood composed of plasma
and cells
Lymphatic System
Components
 Lymphatic Organs (spleen,
lymph nodes, thymus, etc.)
 Lymphatic Vessels
Function
 Transportation of lymph
 Lymph is derived from tissue
fluid
 Houses white blood cells
Immune System
Components
 Immune Organs (red
bone marrow, thymus,
etc.)
 White blood cells
(lymphocytes,
macrophages, etc.)
Function
 Defense (Immune
response)
Nervous System
Components
 Brain, Spinal cord (CNS)
 Nerves (PNS), sense
receptors
Function
 Control system (fast, “hard
wired”)
 Response to external and
internal environments
Endocrine System
Components
 Glands that secrete
hormones
 E.g.:Pituitary, pancreas,
 thyroid
Function
 Control system (slow,
“chemical”)
 Regulates processes such
as growth, reproduction and
nutrient use
Respiratory System
Components
 Lungs
 Tubing ( trachea, bronchus,
etc.)
 Larynx (vocal cords)
Function
 Exchange of respiratory gases
(O2 and CO2)
 Between blood and atmosphere
 Voice production
Digestive System
Components
 Alimentary canal (mouth,
pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine,
large intestine)
 Accessory structures(liver,
salivary glands, etc.)
Function
 Break down food into small,
absorbable pieces
 Between blood and lumen
 Eliminate waste
Urinary System
Components
 Kidneys, Ureters,
Urinary bladder, Urethra
Function
 Eliminate waste
(nitrogen) from blood
 Between blood and
external environment
 Regulates water,
electrolytes, acid/base
Reproductive System
Components
 Male Reproductive System
 Female Reproductive System
Function
 Perpetuation of the species
 Hormones influence structure
and function
 Sexually bimorphic species
Anatomical
Terminology
 Anatomic position is a
specific body position in
which an individual stands
upright with the feet parallel
and flat on the floor.
 The head is level, and the eyes
look forward toward the
observer.
 The arms are at either side of
the body with the palms
facing forward and the thumbs
pointing away from the body.
Anatomical Terminology
A plane is an imaginary surface that slices
the body into specific sections.
The three major anatomic planes of
reference are the coronal, transverse, and
sagittal planes.
Sections
and Planes
A coronal plane, also
called a frontal plane, is
a vertical plane that
divides the body into
anterior (front) and
posterior (back) parts.
Sections
and Planes
 A transverse plane, also
called a cross-sectional
plane or horizontal plane,
cuts perpendicularly along
the long axis of the body or
organ separating it into
both superior (upper) and
inferior (lower) parts.
Sections
and Planes
A sagittal plane or
median plane,
extends through the
body or organ
vertically and
divides the structure
into right and left
halves.
Sections and Planes
A sagittal plane in the body midline is a
midsagittal plane.
A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane, but
either to the left or the right of it, is termed a
parasagittal (or sagittal) plane.
A minor plane, called the oblique plane, passes
through the specimen at an angle.
Directional Terms of the Body
Directional terms are precise and brief, and
for most of them there is a correlative term
that means just the opposite.
Relative and Directional Terms of
the Body
 Relative to front (belly
side) or back (back side)
of the body :
 Anterior = In front of;
toward the front surface
 Posterior = In back of;
toward the back surface
 Dorsal =At the back side
of the human body
 Ventral = At the belly side
of the human body
Relative and Directional Terms of
the Body
Relative to the head or
tail of the body:
 Superior = Toward the
head or above
 Inferior = Toward feet not
head
 Caudal = At the rear or tail
end
 Cranial = At the head end
Relative and Directional Terms of
the Body
 Relative to the midline or
center of the body:
 Medial = Toward the
midline of the body
 Lateral = Away from the
midline of the body
 Deep = On the inside,
underneath another
structure
 Superficial = On the
outside
Relative and Directional Terms of
the Body
Relative to point of
attachment of the
appendage:
 Proximal = Closest to
point of attachment to
trunk
 Distal = Furthest from
point of attachment to
trunk
Body Regions
The human body is partitioned into two
main regions, called the axial and
appendicular regions.
 the axial region includes the head, neck, and
trunk which comprise the main vertical axis of
our body
 our limbs, or appendages, attach to the body’s
axis and make up the appendicular region
THE END