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9B Fit and healthy © Tony P. Thould September 2000 FOOD GROUPS There are SEVEN food groups :- 1 Carbohydrates 2 Fats 3 Proteins 4 Vitamins 5 Minerals 6 Water 7 Fibre CARBOHYDRATES Potatoes Rice Pasta Bread Energy giving foods full of Starch PROTEINS FATS Butter Cream Fried Food Peanuts Meat Fish Soya For growth Stored energy and repair and insulation Vitamins Minerals Fruit Fruit Vegetables Vegetables Milk Fibre Cereals Fruit Vegetables To prevent To prevent Helps to deficiency diseases deficiency diseases move food like Scurvy - lack like anaemia along the of Vitamin C lack of iron system HEALTHY OR NOT? •What do we mean by healthy? •What helps us to stay in good health? •What makes us unhealthy? ARE THESE HEALTHY OR NOT? Oranges Cigarettes Salt Cakes Coffee Solvents Salmonella Milk Water Drugs Beer Sugar Chips Swimming Baked Potatoes Medicines Aerobics Vaccinations Sleep N What do some people take into their bodies which makes them ill? THE HARMFUL SUBATANCES Tar Nicotine Smoke Carbon Monoxide SMOKING IS UNHEALTHY Breathing Problems Heart Attacks Blocked Arteries Cancer THE LUNGS Ca rtilage Rings Tra chea Left Bronchus Bro nchioles Ribs Intercostal Muscles Left Lung Alveoli Diaphra gm Used the information on the next three slides to help you to explain why smoking affects your breathing and your fitness level. Why does smoking affect your fitness and a breathing gradually over the years and does not noticeably harm you straight away? The main job of the lungs is to get oxygen into the blood and remove, but Sun from the blood into the lungs to be breathed out. To make sure that this happens quickly and easily, the tiny air sacs in the lungs have a very thin walls. There are millions of Alveoli in each lung to ensure that the body absorbs enough oxygen and to get rid of in the build-up of waste carbon dioxide. GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN THE ALVEOLI Exhale the waste Carbon Dioxide CO 2 CO2 Waste carbon dioxide passes from the blood though the thin walled alveoli into the Lungs. Inhale Air containing Oxygen O2 O 2 Oxygen passes easily into the blood through the thin walls of the Alveoli. WHICH ONE IS THE SMOKERS’ LUNG? Why do you think this? What has caused the differences in the way they look? A B N SOME COMMON DRUGS Ecstasy Cocaine Cannabis Heroin DRUGS ARE UNHEALTHY Brain Damage HIV / Aids Dehydration Organ Failure SOME COMMON SOLVENTS Lighter Fuel Paint Stripper Glue Hair Spray SOLNENT ABUSE IS UNHEALTHY Face Sores Coma Breathing Problems Brain Damage SOME COMMON DRINKS Beer Wine Whisky Gin HOW ALCOHOL CAN BE UNHEALTHY Depressant Liver damage Destroys Brain Cells Affects Judgement CAFFEINE A chemical found in Coffee, Tea and Coke Cola. Once in the blood and taken to the cells of the body it:•Speeds up your heart / pulse rate •Makes you breathe more quickly FASTER BREATHING FASTER PULSE Plan an Experiment A shop keeper lost all of the labels from his stock of Coke Cola bottles in a flood. How could he do an experiment that would give him measurable results to prove which bottles contained normal Coke and which ones contained Decaffeinated Coke? Hint Skeletons Animals have skeletons for three reasons:1. Support - to give them shape and to hold everything together. 2. Protection- the bones protect lots of the important organs inside the body e.g. the skull protects the brain. 3. Movement - the muscles and bones work together to help the animal move. Some of the Main Bones of the Body Cranium Scapular Rib Cage Radius Ulna Humerus Spine or Vertebral Column Pelvis Femur Patella Fibula Tibia Some of the Main Bones of the Body On The Move To move our bodies we use our muscles. These are joined to our bones. Muscles can only Pull they cannot push. This means that you have to have pairs of muscles - one pulls to move your body part one way but another muscle has to pull it back again. They are known as a pair of Antagonistic Muscles. Moving Your Arm Triceps Muscle What would happen to your lower arm when this muscle pulls? lower arm Moving Your Arm Triceps Muscle lower arm When this muscle pulls it makes the lower arm move downwards. The whole arm is now straight. What do you notice about the size and shape of the muscle once it has pulled? Moving Your Arm Triceps Muscle lower arm You have to have another muscle to pull the lower arm back up - why is this? Where in the arm would you find this muscle? Moving Your Arm Triceps Muscle lower arm Biceps Muscle You have to have another muscle to pull the lower arm back up - why is this? Moving Your Arm Triceps Muscle These are the two muscles that make your lower arm move up and down. Biceps Muscle lower arm N Muscle Cells Long cells which pull when they get shorter ( contract) making different parts of our body move O 2 + GLUCOSE How could running on a treadmill upset the balance CO2 + of our H2O internal environment? To run your muscles work harder and need more energy to move your limbs. GLUCOSE + OXYGEN = ENERGY + WATER + CARBON DIOXIDE C6H12O6 + 6O2 = E + 6H2O + 6CO2 O 2 Aerobic respiration is the way your body makes energy available to your body. + Sugar CO 2 + HO 2 This process uses up Glucose and Oxygen and makes Water and Carbon Dioxide so the level of these begins to change in your body as you exercise GLUCOSE + OXYGEN = ENERGY + WATER + CARBON DIOXIDE C6H12O6 + 6O2 = E + 6H2O + 6CO2 The Brain checks the body systems and picks up when the levels are too high or too low The breathing rate will increase to take in more Oxygen and to get rid of the Carbon Dioxide In this case the blood Oxygen is falling and the blood Carbon Dioxide level is rising The heart beats faster to transport the Oxygen to the muscles and take away the Carbon Dioxide and Water SYSTEMS For the muscles to move they must be able to get energy. Energy is available in foods high in Carbohydrates - these can be digested and absorbed into the blood. Oxygen is needed to react with the Glucose to release energy. The blood delivers these to the muscle cells. Blood takes away the waste water and carbon dioxide produced. What are the three Systems involved in the release of Energy by muscle cells? N The Heart has the main function of acting as a PUMP. It pumps the blood around the body in one direction - made sure with the help of VALVES. The blood passes through the heart twice in order to complete one circuit of the body. This is known as a Double Circulation. THE HEART Pulmonary Artery Aorta Bicuspid Valve Semi Lunar Valve Tricuspid Valve Vena Cava Pulmonary Vein Left Atrium Right Atrium Tendons Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Deoxygenated Blood Oxygenated Blood Deoxygenated blood rich in Carbon Dioxide back to the Lungs to get rid of the Carbon Dioxide Oxygenated Blood delivered to organs and tissues Blood rich in Oxygen from Lungs Deoxygenated blood rich in Carbon Dioxide picked up from Organs and Tissues Thick Cardiac Muscles provide the power for the pump The Heart is a pump The blood passes through the heart twice to complete one cycle. This is called a Double Circulation THE BLOOD CIRCULATORY SYSTEM •This is the Transport System in our body •The heart pumps the blood around the body •Blood travels through tubes called Blood Vessels •Blood carries food, oxygen, waste such as Urea and Carbon Dioxide, antibodies and heat. THE MAIN BLOOD VESSELS Superior Vena Cava Head Lungs Pulmonary Artery Carotid Artery Pulmonary Vein Aorta Inferior Vena Cava Hepatic Vein Liver Hepatic Artery Stomach Mesenteric Artery Hepatic Portal Vein Renal Vein kidneys Iliac Vein legs Renal Artery Iliac Artery DIGESTION The breaking down of complex foods into simple soluble substances THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Salivary Glands Oesophagus Liver Stomach Gall Bladder Duodenum Ileum Pancreas Colon Appendix Anus Rectum RESPIRATION Once the Glucose has been absorbed into the blood it is then available to the cells for use in providing Energy. The release of energy from Glucose in the cells is by a process called RESPIRATION AEROBIC RESPIRATION Energy is released in the cells for the body to use. The energy is in the Glucose sugar we eat and can be released by chemically reacting with Oxygen in our cells - Aerobic Respiration Summary Equation Glucose + Oxygen = ENERGY + Carbon Dioxide + Water C6H12O6 + 6O2 = ENERGY + Raw Materials 6CO2 + 6H2O Waste Products THE LUNGS Cartilage Rings Trachea Left Bronchus Bronchioles Ribs Intercostal Muscles Left Lung Alveoli Diaphragm INHALE / EXHALE The whole point of Inhaling is to get air into the Alveoli so that the surrounding blood capillaries can pick up some Oxygen on the Red cells and carry it to every living cell in the body along with Glucose. The cells can then use the Oxygen and Glucose to release energy. When the cells release Energy two waste products are made - Carbon Dioxide and Water.and carried back to the Alveoli in the blood Plasma and exhaled. Summary Word Equation Glucose + Oxygen = ENERGY + Carbon Dioxide + Water ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION When your muscles demand energy but the blood has little oxygen left ( an Oxygen debt )e.g. in a marathon, the muscles use Anaerobic respiration to make energy Glucose Energy + Lactic Acid YOU MUST LEARN THESE EQUATIONS AEROBIC RESPIRATION Glucose + Oxygen = ENERGY + Carbon + Water Dioxide C6H12O6 + 6O2 = ENERGY + 6CO2 + 6H2O ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Glucose Energy + Lactic Acid Rearrange the rectangles below to form the word and symbol equations for Aerobic Respiration + 6O2 WATER + CARBON DIOXIDE 6CO2 = + = + OXYGEN ENERGY GLUCOSE 6H2O C6H12O6 + E +