Transcript Structures of Lungs

Respiratory System
Albert and James
8A
Structure and Function
Mouth and Throat
Structure of Lungs
Lungs are located inside the chest.
Left and right lung in our body.
Surrounded by rib cage.
Beneath the lungs are the diaphragm.
Structure of Lungs
Lungs are pink and squishy.
There are two tubes called bronchi that leads to
the lungs.
Right lung is divided into 3 lobes and left is
divided into 2 lobes
Structure of Lungs
Bronchi-> there are smaller stems called
bronchioles (30,000)
End of bronchioles, there are air sacs (alveoli).
Each alveoli has tiny blood vessels (capillaries).
Structures of Lungs
(Pics)
Functions of Lungs
Lungs form the respiratory system.
Inhale: air enters the lungs. And the oxygen
enters the blood and carried throughout the body.
Exhale, carbon dioxide, the waste product, leaves
the body through the lungs.
Gas Exchange
When oxygen and carbon dioxide is exchanged in
the capillaries and the alveolus.
After gas exchange, oxygenated blood flows back
to the heart, where it is pumped through out the
body.
Diffusion between Gases
Gas exchange happens because of the diffusion.
High concentration of oxygen in the airsacs & low
concentration of oxygen in the capillaries.
Oxygen diffuses to the capillaries.
Vise versa for carbon dioxide.
Gas Exchange
Inflation of Lungs
Positive Pressure
Breathing
The inflation of lungs with forced airflow.
Amphibians breathe through this method.
Positive Pressure Breathing:
Muscles lower the floor of the oral cavity,
drawing in air through nostrils.
Nostrils and mouth are shut-oral cavity
rises, forcing the air through the
esphogus.
Air is exhaled by a recoil of the lungs
Negative Pressure
Breathing
Inflation of lungs by pulling, rather pushing air
Mammals use this method of breathing
Negative Pressure Breathing:
1) Muscle contraction causes the thoracic cavity (chest) to
expand - lowers the air pressure below that of the air
outside the mammal
2) Air rushes in through the nostrils and mouth due to
differences of air pressure - through breathing tubes to the
alveoli
Negative Pressure
Breathing
3) During exhalation, muscles that are contracted release air pressure rises, forcing the air up through the breathing
tubes
For humans, the diaphragm is an essential factor to
respiration
Diaphragm: A sheet of skeletal muscle that makes up the
bottom wall of the cavity
During inhalation: Diaphragm contracts (moves down) expanding the thoracic cavity downwards
During Exhalation: Diaphragm relaxes (moves up)
Why Do We Get Hiccups?
Why Do We Get Hiccups?
Because of the diaphragm.
The diaphragm gets irritated.
Why Do We Get Hiccups?
The diaphragm pushes up the air in a jerky and
unusual way.
And when this irregular breath hits the voice box,
a hiccup comes out.
Why Do We Get Hiccups?
Eating too fast or too much.
An irritation in the stomach or throat.
Feeling nervous or excited.
Diseases Associated
Lung Cancer
Smoker’s lung with cancer. The white area is the
cancer, and the blackened area is the tar that
forms after every puff the smoker took out of their
cigarette. Disease of Uncontrolled cell growth in
tissues of the lung (Carcinomas of lungs)
Healthy Lung
Normal, urban dwelling person’s lung. Black dots
formed due to environmental pollution. (Carbon
deposits)
Asthma
Asthma is a condition caused by spasms in the
bronchi.
Tuberculosis
A bacterial disease caused by the growth of
tubercles in the tissues - Primarily in the lungs,
but TB may affect the nervous system, lymphatic
system, joints, bones, and the skin
Emphysema
Emphysema is a disease in which the air sacs
being damaged and enlarged - Caused by long
exposure to toxic chemicals and smoking
Diseases (Smoking)
Lung Cancer
Emphysema
Heart Disease
Stoke
Ulcers
Hip, wrist, and spinal fractures
Cervical Cancer
Diseases (Smoking)
Bladder Cancer
Asthma
Diabetes
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Exercise and Respiration
Rate
Exercise and Respiration
When we exercise, we use a lot of oxygen quickly.
And out body demands for more.
It cause stress in the lungs. Our lungs now
breathe faster and heavier (more air) to supply the
muscles with oxygen, while taking out useless
carbon dioxide out.
Exercise and Respiration
Later our lungs and our muscles get adapted to
this stress. Tidal volume of our lungs increase.
And when we exercise again, out body will be
more at ease because out body is more fit. (our
homeostasis gets more stable)
Terms
Tidal Volume: The volume of air inhaled and exhaled
with each breath (averages 500 ml in resting humans)
Vital Capacity: The tidal volume during maximal
inhalation and exhalation (about 3.4 L for college-age
women, 4.8 L for college-age men)
Residual Volume: The air that remains after a forced
exhalation.
Hazards of Smoking
Contents within Cigarette
Cadmium (Batteries)
Butane (Lighter fluid)
Acetic Acid (Vinegar)
Methane (Sewer gas)
Arsenic (Poison)
Carbon Monoxide
Methanol (Rocket fuel)
Contents within Cigarette
Paint
Ammonia (Toilet cleaner)
Nicotine (Insecticide)
Toluene (Industrial solvent)
Hexane (Barbeque lighter)
Stearic Acid (Candle wax)
Cadmium (Battery)
Fatality
Tar-like substances form within and on the lungscauses lung cancer and other respiratory
diseases
Does not allow alveoli to function (not enough
oxygen).
Affects circulatory system by not carrying enough
oxygen.
Possible symptoms: shortness of breath,
wheezing, loss of sense of smell and taste.
Bibliography
Reece, Campell. Biology. Eighth Edition. San Francisco : Benjamin Cummings, Print.
http://www.howtoquitsmokingtobaccocigarettes.com/images/cigarette.jpg
http://rentale.blogspot.com/2009/02/smoking-hazards.html
http://whyquit.com/joel/Joel_02_17_smoke_in_lung.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asthma_before-after-en.svg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TB_in_sputum.png
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Centrilobular_emphysema_865_lores.jpg
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