Transcript Animal Tissues and Organ Systems

Animal & Human Tissues
and Organ Systems
The Multicellular Body
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10360
Stem Cells
 Cells that have the capacity to give
rise to many cell types
 Some in adult tissues
 But more cells with greater potential in
embryos
 Some object to the use of cells derived
from human embryos
Impacts, Issues
Homeostasis
 Stable operating conditions in the internal
environment
 Brought about by coordinated activities of
cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems
Tissue
 A group of cells and intercellular substances
that interact in one or more tasks
 Four types
Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Nervous tissue
Organs
 Group of tissues organized to perform a
task or tasks
 Heart is an organ that pumps blood through
body
 Heart consists of muscle tissue, nervous
tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial
tissue
Organ Systems
 Organs interact physically, chemically, or
both to perform a common task
 Circulatory system includes the heart, the
arteries, and other vessels that transport
blood through the body
Epithelial Tissue
 Lines the body’s surface, cavities,
ducts, and tubes
 One free surface faces a body fluid or
the environment
basement
membrane
simple
squamous
epithelium
connective tissue
Epithelial Tissue – 3 types
 Squamous – flat cells
 Cuboidal – cube-shaped cells
 Columnar – pillar or column-shaped cells
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Credit: © Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited
Simple Squamous Epithelium. LM X75.
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Credit: © G.W. Willis, MD/Visuals Unlimited
Stratified squamous epithelium from mouth mucosa. H&E stain. LM
X100.
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Credit: © Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited
Human kidney tubule section showing cuboidal epithelium. LM X360.
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Credit: © G.W. Willis, MD/Visuals Unlimited
Human pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the bronchus of the
lung. H&E stain. X180.
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Credit: © Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited
Simple columnar epithelium. LM X140.
Glands
 Secretory organs derived from
epithelium
 Exocrine glands have ducts or tubes
- Secrete products into cavities
 Endocrine glands are ductless
- Secrete products directly into
bloodstream
Cell Junctions
 Tight junctions
prevent leaks
 Gap junctions
connect abutting
cytoplasms
 Adhering junctions
cement cells
together
Tight
Adhering Gap
junctions junction
junctions
Connective Tissue
 Most abundant tissue in the body
 Cells are scattered in an extracellular
matrix
 Matrix is collagen and/or elastin fibers in
a polysaccharide ground substance
Types of Connective
Tissue
Loose connective tissue
Dense, irregular connective tissue
Dense, regular connective tissue
Cartilage
Bone
Adipose tissue
Blood
Loose Connective Tissue
 Contain fibers and fibroblasts
 Fibroblasts produce and secrete the fibers
 Loosely arranged in a semifluid
substance
 Acts as the framework for epithelium
 Allows organs to expand
Dense, Irregular
Connective Tissue
 Contains fibroblasts and collagen fibers
 Occurs in skin and forms tough capsules
around organs
Dense, Regular
Connective Tissue
 Contains rows of fibroblasts in between
parallel bundles of fibers
 Tendons attach muscle to bone
 Ligaments attach bone to bone
 Contains elastic fibers that allow
movement at joints
loose connective tissue
dense, irregular
connective tissue
dense, regular
connective tissue
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Credit: © Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited
Areolar (loose) connective tissue. LM X60.
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Credit: © Dr. David Phillips/Visuals Unlimited
Collagen or dense connective tissue. X155.
Cartilage
 Cells are called chondrocytes
 Cells lie in small chambers called
lacunae, separated by a matrix
 Also called hyaline cartilage
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Credit: © Dr. Fred Hossler/Visuals Unlimited
Hyaline cartilage. X64.
Bone
 Cells are called osteocytes
 Cells are located in chambers called
lacunae arranged in concentric circles
 Also called compact bone
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Credit: © Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited
Bone section showing osteocytes in lacunae arranged in concentric
circles surrounding Haversian canals. LM X75.
Adipose
 Another name for fat
 Insulates the body and provides padding
 Cells sometimes referred to as “ghost
cells”
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Credit: © G.W. Willis, MD/Visuals Unlimited
Human unilocular (white) fat and adipose (adult fat). H&E stain. LM
X100.
In-text Figure
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Blood
 Blood transports nutrients and oxygen to
cells and removes carbon dioxide and
other wastes
 Blood cells are separated by plasma
Types – red blood cells, white blood cells,
platelets
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Credit: © Dr. Gopal Murti/Visuals Unlimited
Human blood smear showing red and white blood cells.
Figure 20.3g
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cartilage
bone tissue
adipose tissue
Muscle Tissue
 Composed of cells that contract when
stimulated
 Helps move the body and specific
body parts
 Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Figure 20.4
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Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal Muscle
 Located in muscles that
attach to bones
 Long, cylindrical cells are
striated
 Cells are bundled closely
together in parallel arrays
Smooth Muscle
 Located in walls of many
internal organs and some
blood vessels
 Cells are not striped and
taper at the ends
Cardiac Muscle
 Present only in the heart
 Cells are striated and
branching
 Ends of cells are joined by
communication junctions
Nervous Tissue
 Detects stimuli, integrates information,
and relays commands for response
 Consists of excitable neurons and
supporting neuroglial cells
Figure 20.5
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Credit: © BBC Microimaging/Visuals Unlimited
Neurons (nerve cells) are specialized cells that conduct nerve impulses. The
impulses are then relayed through a long process called the axon. LM.
Neurons
 Excitable cells
 When stimulated, an electrical impulse
travels along the plasma membrane
 Arrival of the impulse at the neuron
endings triggers events that stimulate or
inhibit adjacent neurons or other cells
Neuroglia
 Neuroglial cells constitute more than
half of the nervous tissue
 Protect and support the neurons, both
structurally and metabolically
Major Organ Systems
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Integumentary
Muscular
Skeletal
Nervous
Endocrine
Digestive
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Lymphatic
Respiratory
Urinary
Circulatory
Reproductive
Integumentary
System
Muscular
System
Skeletal
System
Nervous
System
Endocrine
System
Circulatory
System
Lymphatic
System
Respiratory
System
Digestive
System
Urinary
System
Reproduction
System
Major Body Cavities
 Cranial cavity
 Spinal cavity
 Thoracic cavity
 Abdominal cavity
 Pelvic cavity
Figure 20.6
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Planes of Symmetry
frontal plane
(aqua)
transverse plane
(yellow)
midsagittal plane (green)
DORSAL SURFACE
transverse
midsagittal
ANTERIOR
POSTERIOR
frontal
VENTRAL SURFACE
Primary Tissues
 In vertebrate embryos, cells become
arranged to form three primary tissues:
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
 These give rise to all adult tissues
Skin: An Organ System
 Outermost epidermis is
stratified epithelium
 Underlying dermis is
mainly dense
connective tissues
 Hypodermis consists of
loose connective tissue
and adipose tissue
Functions of Human Skin
 Protects the body from injury,
dehydration, UV radiation, and some
pathogens
 Helps control temperature
 Receives some external stimuli
 Involved in production of vitamin D
In-text Figure
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Lab grown epidermis
Sunlight Damages Skin
 UV light stimulates melanin production
in skin; produces a tan
 Tan is the body’s way of protecting itself
against UV
 Prolonged sun exposure causes elastin
fibers to clump, skin to age prematurely,
can lead to skin cancer
Figure 20.9
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Figure 20.10
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Sunlight causes skin ulcers in a person with porphyria
Porphyria: A diverse group of diseases in which the production of heme is disrupted. Porphyria is
derived from the Greek word "porphyra", which means purple. When heme production is faulty,
porphyrins are overproduced and lend a reddish-purple color to urine. All forms of porphyrias are
inherited. The key clinical features are skin sensitivity to sunlight and/or by intermittent acute attacks of
abdominal and nerve pain.