Transcript 7th Grade Review - pams

7th Grade Review
Scientists to Know….
• Zacharias Janssen (1590) –put two magnifying
glasses in a tube.
• Anton van Leewenhoek (1600’s) created simple
microscope using glass bead for lens.
• Robert Hooke (1665) – looked at cork through
microscope and called the “empty boxes” cells.
• Matthias Schleiden (1839) – said all plants are
made of plant cells.
• Theodor Schwann (1839) – said all animals are
made of animal cells.
• Rudolph Virchow (1856) – said that older cells
form new cells
Microscopes
Cells
• Cells perform numerous
functions: respiration, waste
removal, growth, irritability,
and reproduction.
• Cell theory:
a. All organisms are made
of cells
b. Cells are the basic unit
of life.
c. Cells come from other
cells
Onion cells
Cells to Systems……
• Organelles form cells, cells
form tissues, tissues form
organs, and organs form
systems.
• Ex: nervous system;
respiratory system; etc……
Cell Review
Differences
• Plant cells have chloroplasts that hold
chlorophyll giving them their green
color; cell walls, and larger vacuoles to
store food.
• Animal cells have centrioles.
Cell Parts and Their
Functions…
• Cell membrane – decides what comes in or
out.
• Nucleus – directs all activities.
• Cytoplasm – gel- like material inside the
cell.
• Endoplasmic reticulum - moves things
within the cell (highway system).
• Golgi bodies – packages materials to be
moved.
• Mitochondria –produces energy.
Organelles Continued….
• Lysosomes –destroy waste
• Ribosomes – make protein
• Chloroplasts - turn light
into food
• Cell wall –protects the
cell.
• Vacuoles- storage units for
food, water, and waste.
Mind Map (can you explain the meaning
behind each picture)?
cell
membrane
cell
wall
golgi
bodies
lysosomes
vacuoles
cytoplasm
ER
ribosomes
mitochondria
nucleus
Cell Tour
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Cell types
• Prokaryotic: simple in structure with no
recognizable organelles.
• Eukaryotic: most plants and all animals.
Larger and have developed organelles.
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Digestive: breaks down food
in to useable molecules
Circulatory: transports
nutrients, water, and oxygen
throughout body.
Respiratory: brings oxygen
to body and releases carbon
dioxide.
Excretory: removes waste
and excess water.
Cell Processes
• Diffusion – moves molecules from where there
are many to where there are few (from high to
low concentration).
• Osmosis – the diffusion of water through a cell
membrane.
• Cells strive to maintain equilibrium.
Mitosis
• Mitosis- the nucleus of a
cell divides and creates
two identical daughter
cells in a series of
phases: prophase,
metaphase, anaphase,
and telophase.
• Asexual repoduction,
single division, occurs in
all body cells
Meiosis
• Sexual reproduction with two
cellular divisions resulting in
four daughter cells with
exactly half the number of
chromosomes.
• Occurs in organs.
• Goes through metaphase,
anaphase, prophase and
anaphase.
Terminology to Know…
• Unicellular - made up of only
one cell.
• Multi-cellular -made up of
many cells.
• Active transport – movement
through cell that requires
energy
• Passive transport – movement
that does not require energy.
• Complex organisms need more
cells.
Paramecium
• Life cycle – process of being
born, growing, aging and dying is
called.
• Homeostasis - to maintain
internal stability Example:
normal body temp.
• Spontaneous Generation -thought
that living animals can form
without descent from similar
organisms. Example: idea that
fleas could arise from dust, or
that maggots could arise from
dead flesh.
More Vocab
Animal/Plant Grouping
• Biggest (most complex) to
smallest (least complex) –
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,
Family, Genus, and Species.
• Species – share common
characteristics, can mate, and
have fertile offspring.
• Ex: lion and tiger have ligers
that are infertile (not a species)
but a dog and wolf have pups
that are fertile (are a species)
Populations
• Populations (all the same
animal) compete for basic
resources, mates, and
territories.
• Must cooperate with each
other to meet needs.
• Have social order to ensure
that labor and resources are
shared.
• Every organism fills a
specific niche (job or role) in
its community.
Populations and Niches
Symbiotic Relationships
– Mutualism - both organisms benefit.
Ex: clown fish and sea anemone.
– Commensalism - one benefits and the other
is unaffected. Ex: flies on a horse
– Parasitism - one benefits and one is harmed.
Ex: dog and flea
Clown Fish and Anemone
Living Space
• Ecosystems include forests, the ocean, tidal pool, ponds,
etc…
• Ecosystems are living communities within a biome.
• Biome is defined by climate range (temp and precipitation
rates) and how well the organisms have adapted in that
area.
• Biomes are made up of ecosystems.
Biomes and Succession
Biomes and Succession
Organisms…
• Organisms exist as a member of
their population.
* Organisms adapt to abiotic (nonliving) and biotic (living) factors
in their home.
Rescuing Animals from Poachers
Vocab to know…
• Phototropism – when plants grow
toward their food source. (move
toward the sun)
• Hibernation – animal response to
cold conditions with a period of
lowered metabolism.
• Dormancy –response to adverse
conditions with a period of low or
suspended metabolism.
(trees/plants do this)
Even More
• Eutrophication – excess
nutrients in water
causing algae blooms.
• Ectotherm: where body
heat is regulated to
match surroundings.
AKA: cold blooded
• Endotherm: regulates
body heat within the
body. AKA: warm
blooded.
Genetics
• DNA is a double helix molecule.
• It includes four components that
form a chemical code.
• Chromosomes are strands of DNA.
• Genes are sections of chromosomes
that carry the code for a specific
trait.
• The basic laws of Mendelian
genetics explains the transmission
of some traits that can be inherited
from generation to generation.
DNA and Criminal Investigation
More on Genetics…
• Genetic engineering is when the
genetic code is manipulated by
man to get a desired product .
• There are practical applications
in medicine, agriculture, and
biology.
• Evolutionary processes include
mutations, adaptations, natural
selection, and extinction.
Ex. Using
Miracle
Grow…
Evolutionary Processes
• Adaptation – a change that increases chance of
survival.
• Mutation – a change that does not help the organism
to survive. (sometimes harmful)
• The evidence for evolution is from the fossil record,
radioactive dating, genetic information, distribution
of animals, and similarities within species.
• Heterozygous gene (hybrid) – the genes in the
genotype are different. Ex. (Bb)
* Homozygous gene (purebred) – the genes in the
genotype are the same. Ex. (bb, BB)
Genetics
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All organisms need food, water,
air, shelter, energy, and space to
survive.
A food chain shows
relationships between living
organisms.
A food web is two/more food
chains hooked together.
A pyramid shows relative
amounts of energy available at
each level.
Decomposers – organisms that
break down other organisms.
Ex. Bacteria.
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Producers (autotroph) bottom
of any web, chain, or pyramid
and make their own food.
Consumers (heterotrophs) –
eat other living things.
1st level consumer–
herbivores (eat plants and
algae)
2nd level consumer –
carnivores, eat the herbivores.
3rd level consumer – they are
at the top of the food chain.
Life Processes
• All organisms need food, water,
air, shelter, energy, and space to
survive.
• A food chain shows relationships
between living organisms.
• A food web is two/more food
chains hooked together.
• A pyramid shows relative
amounts of energy available at
each level.
• Decomposers – organisms that
break down other organisms.
Ex. Bacteria.
More on life…
• Producers (autotroph) bottom
of any web, chain, or pyramid
and make their own food.
• Consumers (heterotrophs) –eat
other living things.
• 1st level consumer– herbivores
(eat plants and algae)
• 2nd level consumer –
carnivores, eat the herbivores.
• 3rd level consumer – they are
at the top of the food chain.
Vertical Farms…the future?
Photosynthesis Cycle
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Ammonia is given off by
dead plants and animals.
Predators kill and eat other
animals.
Prey are the hunted.
Omnivores eat animals
and plants.
Herbivores eat only plants.
Carnivores eat only
animals.
Scavengers feed off of
dead animals.
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Nocturnal animals are awake during the night
and sleep during the day.
Diurnal animals are awake during the day and
sleep during the night.
Nocturnal
Animals
Finishing it all up…
• Extinction is when a species dies
out.
• Natural Selection – “only the
strong survive”…is when nature
decides who lives and who dies.
• Biodiversity – means many
different forms of living
creatures in one area.
• Ex. The ocean and the rain forest
are extremely biodiverse.
Just for fun!