Transcript Cellular Respiration - Hudson City Schools / Homepage

Cellular Respiration
CHAPTER 9
INTRO
• Fast and slow twitch
muscles
What kind of runner are you?
• SLOW-TWITCH
• LONG
DISTANCE
RUNNING
• for repeated long
contractions
• FAST-TWITCH
• SPRINTING or
WEIGHT
LIFTING
• Contract more
quickly and
powerfully
What makes these muscle fibers
so different?
• SLOW TWITCH • FAST TWITCH
• breaks down
• breaks down glucose to
glucose to get ATP get ATP
AEROBICALLY
ANAEROBICALLY
(using oxygen)
(not using oxygen)
SLOW-TWITCH MUSCLES
• 1. Thin fibers
• 2. have many
mitochondria
• Many
myoglobin (lots
of hemoglobin in
muscle fibers)
FAST-TWITCH MUSCLES
• Thicker fibers
• Fewer
mitochondria
• Less myoglobin
• (white meat)
• Chickens use their legs
(red meat) for walking
and standing for large
periods of time,
• while their wings (white
meat) are used for brief
bursts of activity
Video of Fast and Slow-Twitch
Muscles
• Teachers' Domain:
The Powerhouse of
the Cell
Big Question for Chapter 9
• How do our cells obtain O2
for cellular respiration and
dispose of CO2?
• Respiratory System
Respiratory System
• Air intake
Nose
1. mouth
2. Larynx (Voice Box)
• Sound
production
• Protection of
trachea
Houses epiglottis
3. Vocal chords
• Flaps that
vibrate as air
goes past them.
• larynx video
4. Trachea
Windpipe
20 rings
of
cartilage
5. Right Lung-shorter, broader,
larger than left lung
• CT Scan
• X-ray
Exchange air
rich in CO2
with air rich
in O2
6. Bronchioles
• Small branches
of airways in
lungs
Note Blood Vessel and Bronchiole
and Alveoli Closeness
7. Alveoli
• Grape-like
clusters of air
sacs that
exchange with
blood vessels
carbon dioxide
and oxygen
How the Lungs
Work - What
Happens When You
Breathe Video About.com
8. Bronchi
• Large air
tubes branch
from trachea
to lungs
9. Esophagus
• Tube that connects
pharynx with
stomach
• Glands in it
produce mucus to
help food slide
down
10. Epiglottis
• Flap to control food from
going to lungs Swallowing Animation
11. Pharynx
• Throat
• Propels food
when
swallowing
into esophagus
12. Left Lung
• See collapse of left lung
• Smaller due to being on the same
side as the heart
Diaphragm
• Muscle at base of lungs to move air
in and out of lungs
• How do our bodies burn
glucose for energy?
• One gram of glucose when burned in
the presence of oxygen releases
3811 calories of heat energy.
calorie
• Amount of energy
needed to raise the
temperature of one
gram of water one
degree Celsius.
Calorie
• Calorie = 1000 calories
•
= 1 kilocalorie
Calories on food
labels are actually
kilocalories
• How does the amount of energy released in
glycolysis compare to burning one gram of
glucose?
• Small amount (around 3.5% the amount from
burning)
• So….. 3811 X 3.5% =
• 133.4 calories
Cellular Respiration
• 1. Glycolysis
• 2. Krebs cycle
• 3. ETC and chemiosmosis
Cellular Respiration
• C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ~38 ATP
• Glucose + oxygen --> carbon+ water +energy
•
dioxide
In the
mitochondrion
Glycolysis
Animation: How Glycolysis Works
glucose
Starts with 2 ATP
Pyruvic acid
Makes 4 ATP
Nets: 2 ATP
NAD+
• An electron carrier
• Nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide
• Accepts electrons (H+)
to form NADH
ee-
Electron Carrier
• A.k.a.
“hydrogen
carrier”
• Electron
taxi cab
(empty)
NAD+
NADH
(full)
e-
NAD+
NADH
e- carrier
Glycolysis is Anaerobic
• Without oxygen
oxygen
Only catch...
• NAD+ is used up in
glycolysis
• So a cell needs a way to
regenerate it (to keep
glycolysis going)
How does NADH regenerate back
to NAD+?
• The process of fermentation.
• It loses the electrons of NADH to
form NAD+ again.
• Remember the yeast lab?
Sing or Simulate
• Glucose, Glucose SONG
• See Teacher Tube
END OF GLYCOLYSIS
• How much of the energy in
glucose is still unused?
• 90% Doesn’t seem very
efficient, does it?
Now What, Pyruvic Acid?
• Fermentation
• Anaerobic – no
oxygen
• In cytoplasm
• Krebs Cycle
• Aerobic –
needs oxygen
• In
mitochondria
Fermentation
cheese
sauerkraut
bread
wine
OK, if you are yeast...
• Making
2 ATP from
glycolysis is
enough
Yeast Acting on Pyruvic Acid
• Ethanol is released as a waste
product
O CO2
o
o
o
NAD+
Alcoholic Fermentation
• Pyruvic acid + NADH
alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
Lactic Acid in Bacteria
• Used in dairy industry to make
cheese and yogurt
Lactic Acid Fermentation
• Pyruvic acid + NADH
lactic acid + NAD+
Why must oxygen be kept out of
the wine and beer vats?
• If oxygen is
present, the pyruvic acid
will make CO2 and water.
• If oxygen is not present,
yeast and bacteria will make ethanol and
CO2.
CONTRAST
• ANAEROBIC
• Does not use
oxygen
• In the cytoplasm
EX: Glycolysis
Fermentation
• AEROBIC
• Uses oxygen
• In the
mitochondrion
• EX: Krebs cycle
ETC and
chemiosmosis
#3 CONTRAST
• Respiration
• Really mean
breathing
• Means of getting
oxygen into body and
carbon dioxide out
• Cellular
Respiration
• energy-releasing
pathway within the
cell
(mitochondrion)
#4 Pyruvic Acid (Pyruvate)
In order to
further
break down
pyruvic
acid we
need
oxygen.
Cytoplasm
CO2
2
CO2
2
34
#5 Mitochondrion
• Organelle that can use oxygen
for cellular respiration.
“Grooming” Pyruvic Acid
Haircut and Conditioning
“HAIRCUT”
“CONDITIONING”
#7
Coenzyme A (from B
As NADH is
vitamin) joins the 2-c
reduced to NAD+
fragment
pyruvic acid is
oxidized (carbon
atom removed as
CO2) #6
MAKES-Acetyl Coenzyme
A or CoA
Cut, Groom and Krebs Cycle Animation
•
•
krebstca
animation
Ready to GO
• The Acetyl-CoA is now ready to
enter the Krebs cycle
Hans Krebs
(1900-1981)
Yeah, he got a
Nobel Prize, too
#4- #8 Krebs Cycle
• Also known as “citric acid cycle”
#9
Cellular Respiration
• Respiration animation
• Cellular respiration
CONTRAST
• AEROBIC
• Does use
oxygen
Glycolysis
Fermentation
• ANAEROBIC
• Does not oxygen
• In the
mitochondrion
• Krebs cycle
• ETC and
chemiosmosis
ATP Synthase
• VCAC: Cellular Processes: ATP Synthase:
The Movie (Cool)
Where does it all come from?
•1 NADH = 3 ATP
•1 FADH2 = 2 ATP
Chemiosmosis
Powers Most of ATP Produced
• Glycolysis -2 ATP
• Krebs Cycle - 2 ATP
• Chemiosmosis/ ETC - 34 ATP
• TOTAL 38 ATP from one
glucose molecule
ETC
• Electron Transport Chain
• VCAC: Cellular Processes: Electron
Transport Chain
• Or krebstca
Where is the ETC located?
• Inner
membrane of
the
mitochondrion
What gets made via the ETC?
• 1. electrons + H+ + Oxygen = water
• 2. H+ ions go across the inner membrane
and build up in the inner membrane space
• H+ ions go through ATP synthase to
generate ATP
e-
e-
eeATP
ADP + P
ATP SYNTHASE
• H+ ions move
through this
enzyme to
generate energy
for P to join ADP
to make ADP
Chemiosmosis and ETC
• H+ ions can only pass through a
special port ATP synthase (see
knobs
on cristae)
ETC Animation
• Krebstca (clear, nice animation)
• Electron transport system (very simple)
• VCAC: Cellular Processes: Electron
Transport Chain click on THE MOVIE)
• ETC (nice from McGraw Hill)
ATP GRAND TOTALS
• Glycolysis produces
2 ATP
• Krebs cycle produces
2 ATP
• ETC and chemiosmosis produces
34 ATP
GRAND TOTAL 38 ATP from one glucose
molecule
CONTRAST CHART
• Photosynthesis
• Makes sugars for
food energy
• Chloroplast
• React: CO2 and H2O
• Prod: C6H12O6 and O2
• EQUATION:
6 CO2 and 6 H2O
6 O2 + C6H12O6
• Cellular Respiration
• Energy released
•
•
•
•
•
Mitochondrion
C6H12O6 and O2
CO2 and H2O
EQUATION:
6 O2 + C6H12O6
6 CO2 and 6 H2O