Transcript Chapter 18 Classification

Classification
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*Species of Organisms
•There are 13 billion known
species of organisms
•This is only 5% of all
organisms that ever lived!!!!!
•New organisms are still being
found and identified
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SCI.9-12.B-5.3 - [Indicator] - Explain how diversity
within a species increases the chances of its
survival.
SCI.9-12.B-5.7 - [Indicator] - Use a phylogenetic tree
to identify the evolutionary relationships among
different groups of organisms.
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*What is Classification?
Classification is the
arrangement of organisms into
orderly groups based on their
similarities
Classification is also known as
taxonomy
Taxonomists are scientists that
identify & name organisms
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*Benefits of Classifying
•organisms
Accurately & uniformly names
•starfish
Prevents misnomers such as
& jellyfish that aren't
really fish
Uses same language (Latin or
some Greek) for all names
•
Sea”horse”??
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*Confusion in Using Different
Languages for Names
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*Latin Names are Understood by
all Taxonomists
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Early Taxonomists
•2000 years ago,
Aristotle was the
first taxonomist
Aristotle divided
organisms into
plants & animals
He subdivided
them by their
habitat ---land,
sea, or air dwellers
•
•
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Early Taxonomists
•John Ray, a
botanist, was
the first to
use Latin for
naming
His names
were very long
descriptions
telling
everything
about the plant
•
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*Carolus Linnaeus
1707 – 1778
• 18th century
taxonomist
• Classified
•
organisms by
their structure
Developed
naming system
still used
today
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*Carolus Linnaeus
•Called the “Father of
Taxonomy”
•Developed the modern
system of naming known
as binomial nomenclature
Two-word name (Genus &
species)
•
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*Standardized Naming
•Binomial
nomenclature used
•Genus species
•Latin or Greek
•Italicized in print
•Capitalize genus,
but NOT species
•Underline when
Turdus migratorius
writing
American Robin
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Binomial Nomenclature
Which TWO are more closely related?
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Rules for Naming Organisms
• The International Code for
Binomial Nomenclature contains
•
•
the rules for naming organisms
All names must be approved by
International Naming Congresses
(International Zoological
Congress)
This prevents duplicated names
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*Classification Groups
• Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a
•
•
category into which related
organisms are placed
There is a hierarchy of groups
(taxa) from broadest to most
specific
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class,
Order, Family, Genus, species
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*Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
BROADEST TAXON
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum (Division – used for plants)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Most
Specific
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Dumb
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Gooseberry
Soup!
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*Domains
• Broadest, most inclusive taxon
• Three domains
• Archaea and Eubacteria are
•
unicellular prokaryotes (no
nucleus or membrane-bound
organelles)
Eukarya are more complex and
have a nucleus and membranebound organelles
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*ARCHAEA
• Probably the 1 cells to evolve
• Live in HARSH environments
• Found in:
st
–Sewage Treatment Plants
–Thermal or Volcanic Vents
–Hot Springs or Geysers that are
acid
–Very salty water (Dead Sea;
Great Salt Lake)
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ARCHAEAN
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*EUBACTERIA
• Some may cause DISEASE
• Found in ALL HABITATS except
harsh ones
• Important decomposers for
environment
• Commercially important in making
cottage cheese, yogurt,
buttermilk, etc.
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Live in the intestines of animals
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*Domain Eukarya is Divided
into Kingdoms
•Protista (protozoans,
algae…)
•Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …)
•Plantae (multicellular plants)
•Animalia (multicellular
animals)
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*Protista
•Most are
unicellular
•Some are
multicellular
•Some are
autotrophic, while
others are
heterotrophic
Aquatic
•
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*Fungi
• Multicellular,
except yeast
• Absorptive
•
heterotrophs
(digest food
outside their
body & then
absorb it)
Cell walls
made of chitin
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*Plantae
•Multicellular
•Autotrophic
•Absorb sunlight
to make glucose –
Photosynthesis
Cell walls made of
cellulose
•
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• Multicellular
• Ingestive
•
*Animalia
heterotrophs
(consume food
& digest it
inside their
bodies)
Feed on plants
or animals
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*Taxons
•Most genera contain a
number of similar species
•The genus Homo is an
exception (only contains
modern humans)
Classification is based on
evolutionary relationships
•
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*Basis for Modern Taxonomy
•Homologous structures (same
structure, different
function)
Similar embryo development
Molecular Similarity in DNA,
RNA, or amino acid sequence
of Proteins
•
•
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Molecular Clocks – models that use mutation
rates to measure evolutionary time.
Different molecules have different
mutation rates
-mitochondrial DNA mutates 10x
faster than nuclear DNA
-ribosomal RNA mutates slower than
nuclear DNA
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Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows
Similarities in mammals.
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Similarities in Vertebrate
Embryos
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Phylogeny is the evolutionary
history for a group of
species.
Shown through
- tree diagrams or
cladograms
Cladograms allow you to see
any shared common
ancestors.
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Cladogram
Diagram showing how organisms are related
based on shared, derived characteristics
such as feathers, hair, or scales
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Primate
Cladogram
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On pages 525,
complete the
Quick Lab to turn
in.
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*Dichotomous Keying
•Used to identify organisms
•Characteristics given in
pairs
•Read both characteristics
and either go to another
set of characteristics OR
identify the organism
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Example of Dichotomous Key
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
Tentacles present – Go to 2
Tentacles absent – Go to 3
Eight Tentacles – Octopus
More than 8 tentacles – 3
Tentacles hang down – go to 4
Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone
Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish
Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5
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SCI.9-12.B-2.4 - [Indicator] - Explain
the process of cell differentiation as
the basis for the hierarchical
organization of organisms (including
cells, tissues, organs, and organ
systems).
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Circulatory System – to distribute
food and oxygen and collect wastes.
May have no heart, a simple heart
or a heart with many chambers.
May have blood vessels or complete
using diffusion only.
Respiratory System – gas exchange
(carbon dioxide and oxygen) May
happen through skin, trachea tubes,
gills or lungs
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Integumentary – skin and hair.
Function is to protect
Muscular – function is movement
Excretory – function is to remove
metabolic wastes – Many
organisms do this by diffusion or
simple tubes. Most complicated is
mammalian kidney. Neph- means
kidney
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Nervous – function is to
coordinate and has sensory
organs Some organisms just
have a nerve net, some have a
simple brain, some have no
sensory organs.
Endocrine – glands Controls
development of organism
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Reproductive – make new organism.
Some create new organism
asexually, just dividing into two
organisms or budding off parent
organism. Some create sex cells,
like egg and sperm
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Digestive – function is to take in
and break down food. Some
organisms have a one opening
digestive system. Some have a
two opening with many organs.
Skeletal – function is to protect
and for movement. Exoskeletons
are on the outside.
Endoskeletons are on the inside.
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