Transcript I Zoology Taxonomy

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Classification is the
arrangement of organisms into
orderly groups based on their
similarities
Classification is also known as
taxonomy
Taxonomists are scientists
that identify & name organisms
1. Binomial nomenclature
2. Taxon Groups (hierarchal system of classifying
organisms)
3. Phylogony & Cladistics (classifying based on
evolutionary histories of animals)
Why classify?
1. Single, universal name
2. Avoid confusion
(be on same page)
3. Understand how living
things are related
to one another
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System of scientific naming using
Latin (dead language of scholars)
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Developed by Carolus Linnaeus
(“Father of Taxonomy 1750s)
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Two word scientific name consists of Genus and
species
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Genus name capitalized, species name not
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Must be underlined when written or printed in italics
ex. Ursus maritimus or Ursus maritimus
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Which TWO are more closely related?
E.g. What are the FIVE common
names of this animal?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mountain Lion
Cougar
Puma
(Florida) Panther
Catamount
Rocky Mountain resident
Florida resident
It would be very confusing for scientists if we
didn’t have a scientific name to research and
talk about the animal.
Felis concolor
Genus
species
= scientific name of
the
mountain lion
Homo sapiens
(wise man)
1. Scientific name
for human beings
2. Homo = genus
(capitalized &
underlined)
3. sapiens = species
(underlined, but NOT
capitalized)
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Used to identify organisms
Characteristics given in
pairs
Read both characteristics
and either go to another set
of characteristics OR
identify the organism
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1a
Tentacles present – Go to 2
1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3
2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus
2b More than 8 tentacles – 3
3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4
3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone
4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish
4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5
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Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a
category into which related
organisms are placed
• There is a hierarchy of
groups (taxa) from broadest
to most specific
• Domain, Kingdom, Phylum,
Class, Order, Family, Genus
and Species
Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
Kingdom
BROADEST TAXON
• Kingdom is
Phylum
least specific,
Class
largest group
Order
Family
Genus
Species
• Species is most specific, contains
only one kind of organism
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King
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Phillip
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.
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Came
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Over
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For
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Grape
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Soda!
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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
(kings)
(play)
(chess)
(on)
(fine)
(green)
(silk)
(King
(Phillip)
(Came)
(Over)
(For)
(Grape)
(Soda)
6 kingdoms to which all living
things must be classified into
based on cell type
Unicellular
Prokaryotic
1. Archaebacteria –ancient bacteria
2. Eubacteria – most bacteria
Eukaryotic
3. Protista – single-celled organisms
Multicellular
4. Fungi – e.g. mushrooms
5. Plantae - plants
6. Animalia - animals
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Probably the 1st cells to evolve
Live in HARSH environments
Found in:
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Sewage Treatment Plants
Thermal or Volcanic Vents
Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid
Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt
Lake)
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ARCHAEAN
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Some may cause DISEASE
Found in ALL HABITATS except
harsh ones
Important decomposers for
environment
Commercially important in making
cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk,
etc.
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Live in the intestines of animals
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Protista (protozoans, algae…)
Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …)
Plantae (multicellular plants)
Animalia (multicellular
animals)
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•Most
are
unicellular
•Some are
multicellular
•Some are
autotrophic, while
others are
heterotrophic
•Aquatic
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Multicellular,
except yeast
Absorptive
heterotrophs
(digest food
outside their
body & then
absorb it)
Cell walls made
of chitin
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•Multicellular
•Autotrophic
•Absorb
sunlight to
make glucose –
Photosynthesis
•Cell walls made of
cellulose
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Multicellular
Ingestive
heterotrophs
(consume food &
digest it inside
their bodies)
Feed on plants or
animals
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Most genera contain a number of
similar species
Bluegill
Green Sunfish
Lepomis macrochirus
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Lepomis cyanellus
Classification is based on
evolutionary relationships
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Homologous structures (same
structure, different
function)
Similar embryo development
Molecular Similarity in DNA,
RNA, or amino acid sequence
of Proteins
Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows
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Similarities
in mammals.
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Means of organizing species based on common
relationships : Family tree that shows
evolutionary relationships that are thought to
exist among organisms.
• Based on embryological
development, chromosome
similarity, biochemical and
morphological similarities, and
gene sequence data
Cladistics:
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Type of phylogenetic classification that
establishes evolutionary relationships
based on derived characters.
 Derived characters: Features that evolved
only within the group being examined
 Ex: Feathers on birds
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The more features organisms have in
common, the closer the relatedness of
the organisms in evolutionary history
Diagram showing how organisms are
related based on shared, derived
characteristics such as feathers, hair, or
scales
Geologic Time Scale