Transcript Cells & Systems Review - St. James

Cells & Systems Review
2009 Exam Review
Cells & Systems
• CELL THEORY
• Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow
• ALL living things are made from CELLS
• CELLS come from preexisting cells
(you can’t make them)
• CELLS are the basic unit of structure
and function
• The activity of an organism depends on
the total activity of all of its CELLS!
Cells & Systems
• Living Organisms Must:
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Grow
Repair themselves
Obtain energy (and nutrients)
Remove wastes
Respond to the environment
Reproduce
DIE - Finite lifespan
Cells & Systems
• Important People and
Contributions
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek - invented a
microscope
• Robert Hook - created the term “cell”
• Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow – Cell
theory
• Invention of more powerful tools:
compound light microscopes – electron microscopes –
computers & MRIs – dissections etc.
Cells & Systems
PLANTS & ANIMAL CELLS
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Both have:
Nucleii
Cell membrane
Vacuoles
Endoplasmic
reticulum
• Cytoplasm
• Mitochondria
• only PLANTS
have:
• Chloroplasts
• Cell wall
Cells & Systems
Transport of nutrients and wastes
• PASSIVE
TRANSPORT
• Requires NO energy
• “downhill” (H → L)
• OSMOSIS – diffusion
across a selectively
permeable
membrane
• SMALL molecules
• ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
• Requires energy
input
• Can go “uphill”
• Often uses CARRIER
PROTEINS” –
special gate like
structures
• SMALL or LARGE
molecules
The Main Points
DIVERSITY OF ORGANISMS
• UNICELLULAR
• Single cells microscopic
• No specialization –
must do all life
functions
• Live in water, soils,
air
• Include:
• BACTERIA - Monera
• PROTISTS – Euglena,
Amoeba,
Paramecium, etc.
• MULTICELLULAR
• 2 or more cells
working together
• Can specialize –
perform certain
functions well
• Organisms can be
larger
• Live in all
environments
• Plants, animals,
fungi
Cells & Systems
Specialization
• Cellular organization
• Cells →Tissues → Organs →
Systems → Organisms
• Example:
• Cell – epithelial tissue – skin –
integumentary system - human
Cells & Systems
Specialization
• Multicellular Organisims
• Specialization must occur as most cells do
not have access to external environment
• No access to OXYGEN & NUTRIENTS
• HUMAN SYSTEMS INCLUDE:
• CIRCULATORY – movement of nutrients, wastes to
and from ALL cells
• RESPIRATORY – gas exchage (O2 in; CO2 out)
Cells & Systems
Specialization
• Multicellular Organisims
• Specialization must occur as most cells do
not have access to external environment
• No access to OXYGEN & NUTRIENTS
• HUMAN SYSTEMS INCLUDE:
• CIRCULATORY – movement of nutrients, wastes to
ALL cells
• RESPIRATORY – gas exchage (O2 in; CO2 out)
Cells & Systems
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HEART CIRCULATION
4 chambers: 2 Atria & 2 Ventricles
Major Blood vessels:
VENA CAVA (superior & inferior) – bring
deoxygenated blood back to heart from body
• AORTA – largest & thickest artery – sends
oxygenated blood to body
• PULMONARY ARTERY – only “blue” artery) –
sends from heart to lungs
• PULMONARY VEIN – only “red” vein) – sends
from lungs to heart
The Main Points
Label the parts of the heart:
The Main Points
Aorta
Vena
Cava
Valve
Pulmonary
Artery
L.
Atrium
Valve
P. Vein
Valve
R.
Atrium
L.
Ventricle
Valve
R.
Ventricle
Septum
The Main Points
A figure 8 circulation pattern:
Pulmonary Vein
Vena Cava
R. ATRIUM
L. ATRIUM
body
lungs
R. VENTRICLE
Aorta
L. VENTRICLE
Pulmonary Artery
Cells & Systems
Blood vessels
• ARTERIES – move
blood AWAY from
Heart
• ROUND & THICK
• UNDER LOTS OF
PRESSURE
• No valves
• MOST ARE
OXYGENATED
• VEINS – move
blood INTO Heart
• Flatter & thinner
• UNDER some OF
PRESSURE
• MOST ARE
DEOXYGENATED
• Have VALVES to
keep blood moving
toward heart
Cells & Systems
Blood vessels
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Capillaries
Smallest of the blood vessels
Connect arteries & veins
Bring nutrients and O2 to EVERY
Cell in the body
• REMOVE wastes (CO2, urea)
from all cells
The Main Points:
Blood Components
• Plasma – mostly water – largest
amount, carries sugar, CO2
carries the blood cells
• RBCs – carry oxygen
• WBCs – fight infection
• Platelets – clot blood (form
scabs etc.)
The Main Points:
EXERCISE AND the BODY’S RESPONSE
• Cells undergo RESPIRATION to
produce energy
• This reaction requires O2 which
makes breathing and heart rate
increase when you exercise
• This also speeds up the removal of
wastes produced!
• RESTING HEART RATE ~ 70 – 75 bpm
Cells & Systems:
THE DEFENCE SYSTEM
• PRIMARY
• Blocks germs from
entering the body
• Saliva - mouth
• Earwax - ears
• Mucous - respiratory
• Cilia - respiratory
• Tears – eyes
• Skin - body
• SECONDARY
• Inside the body
• Kill germs that get
by the primary
• WBC – kill bacteria
• Lymphatic system
• Antibodies
The Main Points:
Helping
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THE DEFENCE SYSTEM
Eat Healthy
Exercise
Don’t Smoke
Get Adequate Amounts of Sleep
Drink lots of water
The Main Points:
Helping
THE DEFENCE SYSTEM
• Heart Disease – low fat diet, weight
maintenance, exercise
• Hardened Arteries – low cholesterol,
eat well, exercise
• Stroke – lower stress, low salt,
exercise
• Leukemia – may be genetic, may be
caused by exposure to chemicals
Cells & Systems:
Helping
THE DEFENCE SYSTEM
• Science has helped us:
• Vaccines – dead, weakened
forms of germs help us produce
antibodies.
• Antibiotics – help us defeat
infections