Transcript Slide 1

Chapter 1:
The Human Body…
An Orientation and
Introduction
I > Clicker Question (Sample)
Which of the following questions best describes
my I > clicker experience thus far?
A)
I have never used an I >Clicker in a classroom experience before,
but I am looking forward to doing so in BIOL 232.
B)
I have used an I > Clicker in some other situation, but I am definitely
looking forward to using it in BIOL 232.
C)
I dislike I > Clickers because they are an ugly grey/beige color that
detracts from my textbook and notebook for BIOL 232.
D)
I am in BIOL 232?!?! I thought this was my accounting class!
E)
I > Clcker?!?! What is that?
Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization.
Atoms
Organelle
Smooth muscle cell
Molecule
1 Chemical level
Atoms combine to form molecules.
Cardiovascular
system
Heart
Blood
vessels
2 Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules.
Smooth muscle tissue
3 Tissue level
Tissues consist of similar
types of cells.
Blood vessel (organ)
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Epithelial
tissue
4 Organ level
Organs are made up of different types
of tissues.
6 Organismal level
The human organism is made up
of many organ systems.
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5 Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely.
Figure 1.2 Examples of interrelationships among body organ systems.
Digestive system
Takes in nutrients, breaks them
down, and eliminates unabsorbed
matter (feces)
Respiratory system
Takes in oxygen and
eliminates carbon dioxide
Food
O2
CO2
Cardiovascular system
Via the blood, distributes oxygen
and nutrients to all body cells and
delivers wastes and carbon
dioxide to disposal organs
Blood
CO2
O2
Heart
Nutrients
Interstitial fluid
Urinary
system
Eliminates
nitrogenous
wastes and
excess ions
Nutrients and wastes pass
between blood and cells
via the interstitial fluid
Integumentary system
Feces Protects the body as a whole Urine
from the external environment
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Figure 1.3a The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Hair
Skin
Nails
(a) Integumentary System
Forms the external body covering, and
protects deeper tissues from injury.
Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses
cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.)
receptors and sweat and oil glands.
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Figure 1.3b The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Bones
Joint
(b) Skeletal System
Protects and supports body organs,
and provides a framework the muscles
use to cause movement. Blood cells
are formed within bones. Bones store
minerals.
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Figure 1.3c The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Skeletal
muscles
(c) Muscular System
Allows manipulation of the environment,
locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.
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Figure 1.3d The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Brain
Spinal
cord
Nerves
(d) Nervous System
As the fast-acting control system of
the body, it responds to internal and
external changes by activating
appropriate muscles and glands.
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Figure 1.3e The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Pineal gland
Pituitary
gland
Thyroid
gland
Thymus
Adrenal
gland
Pancreas
Testis
Ovary
(e) Endocrine System
Glands secrete hormones that regulate
processes such as growth, reproduction,
and nutrient use (metabolism) by body
cells.
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Figure 1.3g The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Red bone
marrow
Thymus
Lymphatic
vessels
Thoracic
duct
Spleen
Lymph
nodes
(g) Lymphatic System/Immunity
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels
and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris
in the lymphatic stream. Houses white
blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in
immunity. The immune response mounts
the attack against foreign substances
within the body.
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Figure 1.3f The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Heart
Blood
vessels
(f) Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels transport blood,
which carries oxygen, carbon
dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.
The heart pumps blood.
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Figure 1.3h The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Nasal
cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Lung
(h) Respiratory System
Keeps blood constantly supplied with
oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
The gaseous exchanges occur through
the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
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Figure 1.3i The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Oral cavity
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Small
intestine
Large
intestine
Rectum
Anus
(i) Digestive System
Breaks down food into absorbable
units that enter the blood for
distribution to body cells. Indigestible
foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
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Figure 1.3j The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary
bladder
Urethra
(j) Urinary System
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the
body. Regulates water, electrolyte and
acid-base balance of the blood.
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Figure 1.3k-l The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Mammary
glands (in
breasts)
Prostate
gland
Ovary
Penis
Testis
Scrotum
Ductus
deferens
Uterus
Vagina
Uterine
tube
(l) Female Reproductive System
(k) Male Reproductive System
Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex
hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female
reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining
female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus.
Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
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Figure 1.4 Interaction among the elements of a homeostatic control system.
3 Input: Information
4 Output:
Control
Center
sent along afferent
pathway to control
Afferent
center.
2
Receptor pathway
Receptor
detects
change.
Efferent
pathway Effector
1
Stimulus
produces
change in
variable.
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Information sent along
efferent pathway to
effector.
BALANCE
5
Response
of effector
feeds back
to reduce
the effect of
stimulus
and returns
variable to
homeostatic
level.
Figure 1.5 Regulation of body temperature by a negative feedback mechanism.
Control Center
(thermoregulatory
center in brain)
Information sent
along the afferent
pathway to control
center
Afferent
pathway
Information sent
along the efferent
pathway to
effectors
Efferent
pathway
Receptors
Temperature-sensitive
cells in skin and brain
Effectors
Sweat glands
Sweat glands activated
Response
Evaporation of sweat
Body temperature falls;
stimulus ends
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises
BALANCE
Stimulus
Response
Body temperature rises;
stimulus ends
Body temperature falls
Receptors
Temperature-sensitive
cells in skin and brain
Effectors
Skeletal muscles
Shivering
begins
Information sent
along the efferent
pathway to effectors
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Efferent
pathway
Afferent
pathway
Control Center
(thermoregulatory
center in brain)
Information sent
along the afferent
pathway to control
center
Figure 1.6 Summary of the positive feedback mechanism regulating formation of a platelet plug.
1 Break or tear
occurs in blood
vessel wall.
Positive feedback
cycle is initiated.
3 Released
chemicals
attract more
platelets.
Positive
feedback
loop
2 Platelets
adhere to site
and release
chemicals.
Feedback cycle ends
when plug is formed.
4 Platelet plug
forms.
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Figure 1.7 Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.
Cephalic
Frontal
Orbital
Nasal
Oral
Mental
Cervical
Thoracic
Sternal
Axillary
Mammary
Cephalic
Otic
Occipital (back
of head)
Upper limb
Acromial
Brachial (arm)
Antecubital
Olecranal
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Carpal (wrist)
Abdominal
Umbilical
Cervical
Back (dorsal)
Scapular
Vertebral
Lumbar
Manus (hand)
Pollex
Metacarpal
Palmar
Digital
Pelvic
Inguinal
(groin)
Pubic (genital)
Thorax
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
(a) Anterior/Ventral
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Sacral
Gluteal
Perineal (between
anus and external
genitalia)
Lower limb
Coxal (hip)
Femoral (thigh)
Patellar
Popliteal
Crural (leg)
Sural (calf)
Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot)
Tarsal (ankle)
Calcaneal
Metatarsal
Digital
Plantar
Hallux
(b) Posterior/Dorsal
I > Clicker Question (Sample)
Which of the following questions best describes
my CITI Training thus far?
A)
I am finished and look forward to receiving my 10 BONUS POINTS!
B)
I am still working on it and will be sure to get it done at the
appropriate time to get my 10 BONUS POINTS!
I am still working on it and think I may not get it done in time to earn
my 10 BONUS POINTS….. Instead I will either LOSE 15 points or
LOSE 50 points!!!!! Argh!!!! I had better try harder and get it done
so I can earn my 10 BONUS POINTS
I look forward to losing 15 or 50 points and so I plan to do the
assignment late if at all.
C)
D)
I > Clicker Question (Sample)
Which of the following questions best describes
my I > clicker experience thus far?
A)
I have never used an I >Clicker in a classroom experience before,
but I am looking forward to doing so in BIOL 232.
B)
I have used an I > Clicker in some other situation, but I am definitely
looking forward to using it in BIOL 232.
C)
I dislike I > Clickers because they are an ugly grey/beige color that
detracts from my textbook and notebook for BIOL 232.
D)
I am in BIOL 232?!?! I thought this was my accounting class!
E)
I > Clcker?!?! What is that?
Figure 1.8 Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
Frontal plane
Median (midsagittal) plane
Transverse plane
(a) Frontal section
(through torso)
(b) Transverse section
(through torso,
inferior view)
Pancreas
(c) Median section
(midsagittal)
Aorta
Spleen
Left and
Liver Heart Spleen
right lungs
Stomach
Arm
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Liver
Spinal cord
Body wall
Subcutaneous fat layer
Intestines
Rectum
Vertebral
column
Figure 1.9 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions.
Cranial
cavity
Cranial
cavity
(contains
brain)
Dorsal
body
cavity
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Vertebral
cavity
Superior
mediastinum
Pleural
cavity
Pericardial
cavity within
the mediastinum
Diaphragm
Thoracic
cavity
(contains
heart and
lungs)
Vertebral
cavity
(contains
spinal
cord)
(a) Lateral view
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Ventral body
cavity
(thoracic and
Abdomino- abdominopelvic
pelvic
cavities)
cavity
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
(b) Anterior view
Figure 1.11 The four abdominopelvic quadrants.
Right upper
quadrant
(RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant
(LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant
(RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant
(LLQ)
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Figure 1.12 The nine abdominopelvic regions.
Right
Epigastric
hypochondriac
region
region
Right
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Right iliac Hypogastric
(inguinal) (pubic)
region
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Left
lumbar
region
Left iliac
(inguinal)
region
(a) Nine regions delineated by four planes
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Liver
Diaphragm
Gallbladder
Stomach
Ascending colon of
large intestine
Transverse colon
of large intestine
Small intestine
Descending colon
of large intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Initial part of
sigmoid colon
Urinary bladder
(b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs
Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (1 of 3)
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Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (2 of 3)
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Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (3 of 3)
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