Transcript re - Yola

Lecture 3
The
Respiratory
System
Done by: Alaa Al-Hasani
Objective of the lecture
On the completion of this lecture, you will able to:
 Identify
and describe the major structures and
functions of the respiratory system.
 Recognize,
define, spell and pronounce terms
related to the pathology, the diagnostic and
treatment procedures of the respiratory system.
Lecture Content
 Functions of the Respiratory System
 Structures of the Respiratory System
I.
The Upper Respiratory System
II.
The Lower Respiratory System
 Medical terms
Functions of the Respiratory System
Bring oxygen- rich air into the body for delivery to the body
I.
tissues through the blood.
Expel waste product (carbon dioxide) returned to the lungs
II.
by the blood.
•
III.
(This process is accomplished through act of respiration )
Produce the airflow through the larynx that makes speech
possible.
Structures of the Respiratory System
Structures of the Respiratory System
The respiratory system is divided into:
1)
The Upper respiratory tract consists of the nose, mouth,
pharynx, larynx and trachea.
2)
The Lower respiratory tract consists of the bronchial
tree and lungs.
The Upper Respiratory System
The Upper Respiratory System
1- The Nose
Functions of the nose:
1)
It serves as an air passageway.
2)
It warms and moistens inhaled air.
3)
Its cilia and mucous membrane trap dust, bacteria and
other foreign matter.
4)
It contains olfactory receptors, which sort out odors.
The Upper Respiratory System
1- The Nose
Medical Terminology:
1)
Rhin/o/plasty  (Rhin/o- means nose, -plasty means
surgical repair)
 Definition: surgical repair of the nose.
2)
Rhin/o/rrhea  (Rhin/o- means nose, -rrhea means flow,
discharge)
 Definition: discharge from the nose.
3)
Rhin/o/scopy  (Rhin/o- means nose,
-scopy means
process of visual examination)
 Definition: process of visual examination of the nose.
The Upper Respiratory System
2- The Pharynx
The pharynx or throat is divided into 3 parts:
1)
Naso/pharynx (Naso- means nose) located behind the nose.
2)
Oro/pharynx (oro- means mouth) located behind the
mouth.
3)
Laryngo/pharynx (laryngo- means larynx) located behind
the larynx.
The functions of the pharynx or throat :
 Serves as a passageway for both air and food at the back of
the throat.
The Upper Respiratory System
2- The Pharynx
Medical Terminology:
1)
Pharyng/itis  (Pharyng- means pharynx, -itis means
inflammation)
 Definition: inflammation of the pharynx.
2)
Naso/o/Pharyng/itis  (Naso/o- means nose , -Pharyngmeans pharynx, -itis means inflammation).
 Definition: inflammation of the nose and pharynx.
The Upper Respiratory System
3- The Larynx (voice box)
Cartilages of the Larynx:
1.
The Thyroid Cartilage : known as “Adam’s Apple”
2.
The Epiglottic Cartilage (know as Epiglottis): prevent
aspiration of the food into the trachea.
3.
The Cricoid Cartilage
General functions of the Larynx :
 Production of the vocal sounds.
The Upper Respiratory System
3- The Larynx (voice box)
Medical Terminology:
1)
Laryng/itis  (Laryng- means larynx, -itis means
inflammation)
 Definition: inflammation of the larynx.
2)
Laryng/o/scope
 (Laryng/o- means larynx, -scope
means instrument).
 Definition: an instrument used to examine the larynx.
The Upper Respiratory System
4- The Trachea
General functions of the Trachea (windpipe):
 Provide an open passageway for air to the lung.
The Upper Respiratory System
4- The Trachea
Medical Terminology:
1)
Trache/algia  (Trache- means trachea, -algia means pain)
 Definition: pain in the trachea.
2)
Trache/o/laryng/o/tomy  (Trache/o- means trachea, laryng/o means
larynx , -tomy means incision).
 Definition: incision into the trachea and larynx.
3)
Trache/o/stomy  (Trache/o- means trachea , -stomy means new
opening).
 Definition: new opining into the trachea.
The Lower Respiratory System
The Lower Respiratory System
1- The Bronchial tree
The trachea divides into 2 branches called Bronchi (singular called
Bronchus) , one branch goes into each lung.
The Bronchi provide the passageway for air to the lungs.
The Bronchi are further subdivided into Bronchioles.
Eventually, the further subdivisions lead to tiny air sacs called Alveoli.
Alveoli are the very small grape-like clusters found at the end of
each bronchiole.
Capillaries surrounding each alveolus is where the exchange of
gases with the blood occurs.
The Lower Respiratory System
1- The Bronchial tree
Medical Terminology:
1)
Bronchi/ ectasis  (Bronchi- means bronchi, -ectasis means dilation,
expansion or stretching)
 Definition: dilation of the bronchi.
2)
Bronchiol/itis

(Bronchiol-
means
bronchiole,
-itis
means
-scope
means
inflammation).
 Definition: inflammation of the bronchiole.
3)
Bronch/o/scope

(Bronch/o
means
bronchi,
instrument).
 Definition: an instrument used to examine the bronchi.
The Lower Respiratory System
2- The Lung
The lungs are divided into lobes;
I.
The right lung has 3 lobes (superior, middle and inferior)
II.
The left lung has 2 lobes (superior and inferior), and it slightly
smaller than right lung because of the space taken by the
heart.
The Lower Respiratory System
2- The Lung
Medical Terminology:
1)
Pulmon/ectomy  (pulmon- means lung, -ectomy means excision)
 Definition: surgical excision of the lung or part of a lung.
2)
Pneumon/itis  (Pneumon- means lung, -itis means inflammation).
 Definition: inflammation of the lung.
The Lower Respiratory System
The Diaphragm
Is the muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the
abdominal cavity.
The contraction and relaxation of this muscle makes
breathing possible.
Main word roots and their meanings
Combining form
Meaning
Combining form
Meaning
Bronch/o
bronchi/o
Bronchial tubebronchus
Pleur/o
Membrane
surrounding the
lung
Laryng/o
Larynx
Phren/o
Diaphragm
Pharyng/o
Throat-pharynx
Alveol/o
Air sac
Pneum/o pneumon/o
Lung- air
Cost/o
Rib
Pulm/o - Pulmon/o
Lung
Hemo
Blood
Thorac/o
- Steth/o
Chest
Cyno
Bluish
discoloration
Trache/o
Trachea(Windpipe)
Epiglott/o
Epiglottis
Spir/o
To breath
Nas/o – Rhin/o
Nose
Tuss/i
Cough
Phon/o - Phonia
Sound – voice
Ox/o/i/
Oxygen
Examples of Suffixes
Suffix
Meaning
Suffix
Meaning
-pnea
Breathing
-tomy
Incision into
-pneic
Pertaining to
breathing
-pexy
Surgical fixation
-metry
To measure
-graphy
Technique of
making an X-ray
-ectasis
- ectasia
Enlargement –
dilatation- expansion
-scope
Instrument to view
-plasty
Surgical repair
-scopy
Visual examination
-ectomy
Removal-excision
-stomy
opening
-spam
Sudden involuntary
contraction
-plegia
Paralysis
Medical Terms
Pathology of the Respiratory
System
 Anoxia : absence of oxygen from the body.
 Hypoxia : decreased (below normal) oxygen in body tissue.
 Hemoptysis : coughing (spitting up) of blood (-ptysis
means spitting).
Cyanosis: bluish discoloration of skin due to lack of oxygen.
 Hiccup: chronic spasm of diaphragm.
Breathing disorders

Apnea : without breathing
 Tachypnea: rapid breathing
 Bradypnea :slow breathing
 Dyspnea : difficult or painful breathing (shortness of breath “SOB”)
 Orthopnea: difficult breathing while supine
 Laryngoplegia: paralysis of the larynx.
 Bronchiectasis: chronic , irreversible enlargement of bronchi.
 Bronchorrhea: an excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi.
 Pleuritis: inflammation of the pleura.
 Pneumothorax: accumulation of air in the chest cavity.
 Hydrothorax: accumulation of water in the chest cavity
 Pyothorax: accumulation of pus in the chest cavity.
 Hemothorax: accumulation of blood in the chest cavity.
 Pneumorrhagia: bleeding from the lung.
 Emphysma: is the progressive loss of lung function in which
alveoli (air sacs) lose their elasticity and breakdown
resulting in a loss of respiratory surface in the lungs.
 Shortness of breath is the chief symptom (smoking
frequently leads to this disorder).
 Asthma : is a chronic allergic
disorder caused by several
factors such as swelling and
inflammation of the lining of
the airway.
 Asthma
characterized
by
episode of severe breathing
difficulty,
coughing
and
wheezing.
 Pleural effusion: which is the
abnormal accumulation of fluid
in the pleural space. (effusion
is the escape of fluid from
blood or lymph vessels into
cavity).
 Pulmonary edema: is an accumulation of fluid in
lung tissues. (edema means swelling)
 Tuberculosis: which is an infectious disease caused
by mycobacterium tuberculosis.
 Aspiration pneumonia: inhaling or drawing a
foreign substances into the upper respiratory
tract.
 Pneumonia: is serious infection or inflammation of
the lung in which the smallest bronchioles and
alveoli fill with pus and other liquid. (pneumon- means
lung , -ia means abnormal condition)
 Cystic fibrosis (CF) : is a genetic disorder in which
the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large
quantities of abnormally thick mucus.
Diagnostic procedures
 Laryngoscopy and Bronchoscopy : visual examination of
larynx and bronchi with endoscope.
 Spirometry: is instrument use to measure the procedure of
ventilation of lungs by spirometer (Spir/o means to breath / -metry means
to measure).
 Bronchography : Radiological examination of the bronchial tree.
 Stethoscope : instrument used to hear chest sounds .
Surgical procedures
Pulmonectomy: surgical removal of the lung or a part of a lung.
 Thoracoplasty: surgical repair of the chest.
 Thoracotomy: incision into (cutting into) the chest.
 Tracheostomy: new opening into trachea .
Tracheolaryngotomy: incision into the trachea and larynx.
 Thoracocentesis: surgical puncture using needle to remove fluid
from chest.
 Ventilator: device used for providing artificial respiration.
Instrument for visual examination = - scope
Which one is correct ,Laryngoscope or laryngoscopy ?
Visual examination by instrument = -scopy
Surgical opening = - stomy
Cutting into = -tomy
Treatment
Drug groups
 Antitussive:
 Mucolytic:
 Inhalant
drug inhibit or prevent cough.
drug dissolve sputum.
: drug administer by inhalation, act locally on
respiratory system.
 Bronchodilator:
passages.
expands the opening of the air
Medical specialist related to
the respiratory system
 Otorhinologist:
Physician who specializes in diagnosis and treating
diseases of ear and nose .
 Pulmonologist :
Physician who specializes in diagnosis and treating
diseases of lung .